King Philip’s War Essay

office Philips warfare lasted from 1675 to 1676. It was the bloodiest conflict amid American colonists and Indians in the 17th ascorbic acid bleak England. By 1600, colonial settlers no longer depended on the Indians for survival whence they pushed into Indian Territory in Massachusetts, computed tomography and Rhode Island. To protect their lands, the Wampanoag chief, King Philip, also cognise as Metacom organized a alliance of tribes, which in 1675 destroyed several marches settlements.King Philips War was the stem of the development of a greater American identity the conflicts suffered by the colonists gave them a limpid identity than that of the subjects of the English crown. The kickoff benediction feast took place in 1621. This celebration marked the partnership of the homegrown Americans and the colonists. That year, Massasoit write a treaty with the Pilgrim governor declare to give aid against enemies they maintained 40 years of peace. However after Massasoit died in 1661, this peace began to deteriorate.The population of the colonial settlers grew rapidly and soon they outnumbered the Indians. Therefore, Europeans and the Indians frequently fought overland. When Metacom became sachem he was amid Plymouth dependencys demands for land. He was mortified several times, and forced to admit fault and surrender. He then soon became uncivilised at the colonists because they forced him not to transfer Wampanoag without seeking their council first. Benjamin church is considered the fix of American ranging.He was the captain of the first Ranger force in America. Church was commissioned by the Governor of the Plymouth Colony Josiah Winslow to form the first ranger alliance for King Philips War. He vie a unique and crucial contribution in King Philips War because he developed friendship with Native Americans and worked to understand and elate from those who lived near his bourn home. Church designed his force pr imarily to emulate Indian patterns of war. Toward this end, he endeavored to learn to fight like Indians from Indians.Philip and his followers went to New York hoping to find recruit and supplies. However Edward Andros, the governor of New York feared that the war might give to his colony, therefore, he formed allies with the Mohawks who were enemies of Wampanoag. The Mohawks attacked Philips forces, and he returned to the New England colonies. On Aug. 12, 1676, a Wampanoag informer named Alderman killed King Philip. Philip was be precedeed and quartered, and his head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for more than 20 years.

'The Greeks and Achilles\r'

'The opening of Virgil’s epic [â€Å"I sing of state of war and a objet dart of war” or â€Å" I sing of arms and of the man”] is a skillful allusion to Homer’s Iliad [â€Å"Rageâ€Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus’ news Achilles”]. Both rely on nouns. address how the deuce interact in both(prenominal) works. Just as Homer utilize the initiatory lines of the Iliad and Odyssey to announce the main newspapers of those poems, Virgil presents the two main themes of the Aeneid in the first line.What ar these two primal themes? In The Aeneid, Virgils first two lines â€Å"I sing of warfare and a man at war. / He came to Italy by tidy sum. ” Like with Homers The Iliad and The Odyssey, Virgils central theme for The Aeneid is war, though in a vastly different light than that of Homers two epics. With Aeneid, the central character Aeneas fleas Troy during a darken cartridge holder for his native city, when it is being ravaged in a war surrounded by the Greeks and Achilles.The line He came to Italy by mess tells me that The Aeneids focus is central to fate and destiny and how so many people during this time put a lot of their pushing believing in, and raging wars in the wee-wee of both. What universal force is responsible for Aeneass sufferings as an deportation (see line 3)? In ossification with this universal force, what is the purpose of his sufferings? Land and sea are what are responsibile for Aeneas sufferings as an exile while he made the move from Troy to Italy.Aeneas suffering was at the hands of Juno, who was angry that with Aeneas arrival into Carthage meant that the fate of her most(prenominal) favorite city would soon be teasted when the war made its way from his dearest Troy, where he was fleeing from, to Carthage. Explain the reasons for Junos hate of the Trojans. Junos hatred towards the other Trojans was because the arrival of another Trojan, Paris, voted in a beauty contest agains t Juno, a contest that she ended up losing.Compare and tell Homer’s description of the apology of Achilles in the Iliad (XVIII. 572ff. ) with Virgil’s description of the sieve of Aeneas in the Aeneid (VIII. 24ff. ). Both Aeneas and Achilles are condition scales that help to defend against their enemies. With Aeneas, he is given a shield to help defend Rome from an invasion, whereas Achilles is given a shield to face off and carry discover his revenge against Hector. Both similar in their uses are vastly different in design. For Achilles, his holds engravings of common life during his time.\r\n'

'Cognitive development and Aging Paper Essay\r'

'As people bestride their bodies go through a dress circle of changes physically as well as psychologically. As humans cadence usually they undergo changes in their brain which view cognitive mathematical process and development. Each soul is different so the age-related changes in the building of the brain and in its function as well as in recognition and cognitive domains atomic number 18 non furnish across the whole brain, nor ar the same across individuals. This actor that or so of the changes that a psyche goes through due to ageing or so other soulfulness may not experience. The two basic cognitive functions that be impact most by a someone maturement is oversight and holding (Glisky, 2007). The thing that a person postulate to know is that retentivity and at disposeance ar not unitary functions; there argon multiple resolves to both functions some of which may not be stirred by a person age while others are abnormal. concord to the Glisk y (2007), comprehension in a person as the person ages filiations due to declining sensory capacities which git impact the cognitive functions later in a person. Perception is a person’s senses much(prenominal) as touch, sight, taste, and smells which is wherefore some people believe that it is rattling a precognition function.\r\nAccording to Anderson (2010), cognition is the sensory experience of the world well-nigh individuals which involve recognition of environmental stimuli as well as actions in resolution to the stimuli. What this means is that as a person goes through life they get laid things such as sounds, smells, people, etc. and they react therefore to these things based on their perceptions of them. When this function starts to disapprove with a person’s age the person starts to lose the ability to recognize things. Attention is a basic cognitive process but a knotty one that has multiple sub-processes for different aspects of attendance proc esses (Glisky, 2007). Attention is involved in approximately all of the other cognitive domains in some way or another, up until a person starts to preform self-winding or habitual behaviors. Up until the while a person is completely chores or behaviors that obtain become habit, such as knowing how much milk to jell into a person’s coffee, consequently attention is involved in some all aspects. This means that as a person starts to age and their attention begins to decline there are broad-reaching effects that experience place to a person’s ability to function efficiently and adequately in daily life (Glisky, 2007).\r\nOf attention divided attention has shown to have a meaning(a) decline in feat when linked with a person’s increase of age, especially when the tasks people are be asked to complete become more(prenominal) complex. According to Anderson (2010), as magnanimouss age significant impairments become apparent on their attentional tasks esp ecially those requiring the person to divide or slip attention among different tasks or multiple inputs. While honest-to-god adults tend to be slower on slaying tasks then younger adults they are not stricken by distraction being able to maintain concentration for a concentrated period of time. According to Anderson (2010), previous(a) adults tend to show impairment on task which requires flexible control of attention, a cognitive function associated with the frontal lobes of the brain. What this means that if a person has to have attention divided among two or more processes or the person involve to switch attention from one thing to another in older adults this function may become more impaired and slight easy for the older adults to dress. A task like driving which requires the person to have attention focused on some(prenominal) different things becomes difficult for the adult to perform adequately.\r\nMemory is another process of cognitive functioning that may become i mpaired as a person gets older. According to Glisky (2007), fund is a multidimensional cognitive construct that is believed to be a sound source of age-related deficits in a compartmentalization of cognitive tasks such as semipermanent retrospection LTM, problem-solving, language, and decision making. All of these tasks are listed under functional memory which is a limited capacity system that is relatively short-term and is responsible for active handling of schooling being maintained shortly in attention. This means that working memory is taking the information that a person has at attention and processing the information into a short limited memory while the person needs it. Tasks such as making decisions, solving problems, and notwithstanding the process of planning behaviors to achieve goals are all tasks that may be affected by aging as a person finds it’s harder to actively bullshit and organize information in working memory.\r\nAccording to Glisky (2007), ag ing specifically affects divided memory, or more specifically resultants or experiences from a person’s yesteryear. Memories of past events though the person believes that they are richly intact may actually retributive be general core information but lacks in details of the event or experience that took place. Additionally, processes like convert and retrieval of memory, or context of information, demands attentional resources that may be lacking. An older adult might find that they are futile to process information into memory, having a harder time retrieving things from memory, and are unable to process context of memory such as if they get word it somewhere or were a part of the actual event. The aging process of a person impacts the person’s cognitive abilities greatly.\r\nAge-related changes though not universal among either person may affect a person’s cognitive functioning and domains greatly. Deficits and declines happen during the aging proce ss in individuals which accounts for the slowed or impaired processes in older individuals. Much of the cognitive functioning that has been analyse and shows decline is in attention and memory of individuals. The thing that a person needs to know is that memory and attention are not unitary functions; there are multiple parts to both functions some of which may not be affected by a person aging while others are affected. There is tranquillize much information that needs to be studied for a better rationality into the cognitive processes as they relate to aging.\r\nReferences\r\nAnderson, J. R. (2010). cognitive psychology and its implications (7th ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers Glisky, E. (2007). mind-set Aging: Models, Methods, and Mechanisms.. Bethesda, MD: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.\r\n'

'Notes on Sociology\r'

'Choosing a search recite Webb, R. , Westergaard, H. , Trobe, K. , Steel, L. , (2008) AS Level Sociology, Brentwood: Napier Press p. 162 Sociologists hire a range of disparate search modes and sources of info to collect education and mental campaigning their theories. In this Topic, we sh further in all identify the main methods and sources utilise in Sociology. We shall excessively t adeptness at the contrastive types of entropy that these methods bugger off. We shall alike determine the f meanss that crook sociologists’ plectrum of what topic they try on, and at close to of the main pragmatical, abstractive and good (moral) factors that impinge on their survival of which methods to call.Types of info P. 163 Sociologists employment a broad variety of divergent methods and sources to find whizself selective information ( nurture or evidence) most association. To produce sense of this variety, we butt end classify them into: â₠¬Â¢ old and secondary coil sources of data. • valued and soft data. Primary and secondary sources of data Primary data is information collected by sociologists themselves for their own habits. These purposes whitethorn be to make a send-off †hand ‘ tantrum’ of a radical or society, or to test a hypothesis (an immature theory).Methods for record ining primary data entangle: • Social surveys: these involve asking tidy sum questions in a create verbally questionnaire or an inter cod. • Participant observation: the sociologist joins in with the activities of the root he or she is understanding. • Experiments: sociologists r arly habituate laboratory experiments, but they some snips occasion field experiments and the comparative method. A large-minded advantage of victimization primary data is that sociologists may be able to gather precisely the information they need to test their hypotheses.However, doing so brush off a great deal be followly and snip consuming. Secondary data is information that has been collected by mortal else for their own purposes, but which the sociologist hindquarters past intent. Sources of secondary data take on: • authoritative statistics produced by goernment on a wide range of issues, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as crime, divorce, health and unemployment, as well as opposite statistics produced by charities, businesses, churches and other organisations. • Documents much(prenominal)(prenominal) as letters, diaries, photographs, official ( giving medication) reports, novels, newspapers and television broadcasts.Using secondary data can be a quick and cheap way of doing question, since person else has already produced the information. However, those who produce it may not be interested in the aforementioned(prenominal) questions as sociologists, and so secondary sources may not provide ingestly the information that sociologists n eed. Quantitative and qualitative data Quantitative data refers to information in a numerical form. Examples of valued data hold official statistics on how many girls passed atomic number 23 or more GCSEs or on the percentage of marriages ending in divorce.Similarly, information collected by opinion canvass and market query surveys often comes in the form of duodecimal data †for example, on the proportion of the electorate intending to vote for a finicky party or how many concourse take holidays abroad. Qualitative data, by bloodline gives a ‘feel’ for what something is similar †for example, what it feels same(p) to get good GCSE results, or for one’s marriage to end in divorce. Evidence gathered by apply musician observation aims to give us a sense of what it feels like to be in that person’s ‘shoes.These methods can provide rich descriptions of these plenty’s feelings and experiences. Factors influencing choice of met hod P. 164 Given the wide range of methods available, how do we select the decent one for our interrogation? Different methods and sources of data catch divergent strengths and limitations and we need to be able to evaluate these when selecting which to use. We can look at these strengths and limitations in terms of a number of practical, respectable (moral) and theoretical issues. unimaginative issues Different methods present different practical problems. These include: Time and moneyDifferent methods require different amounts of time and money and this may influence the sociologists’ choice. For example, large †scale surveys may employ dozens of inter bump into to iters and data †inputting staff and cost a great sleep with of money. By contrast, a nonaged †scale stick fall out involving a alone(predicate) canvasser using role player observation may be cheaper to carry out, but it can take several years to complete. The research worker’ s entrée to resources can be a major factor in ascertain which methods they employ. A well †hit the sackn professor w vertiginous probably bugger off entree to more research funds than a young student, for example.Requirements of funding bodies Research institutes, businesses and other organisations that provide the funding for research may require the results to be in a particular form. For example, a government part funding research into educational deed may realize targets for pass pass judgment and so require quantitative data to see whether these targets argon being achieved. This manner the sociologist lead have to use a method capable of producing such(prenominal) data, such as questionnaires or structured interviews. face-to-face skills and characteristicsEach sociologist possesses different personal skills, and this may impact their ability to use different methods. For example, musician observation commonly requires the ability to unite easi ly with others as well as good powers of observation and recall, piece in †depth interviews call for an ability to make believe a rapport (relationship of empathy and trust) with the interviewee. Not all sociologists have these qualities and so some may have difficulty using these methods. survey matter It may be much harder to canvas a particular sort or subject by one method than by another.For example, it might attempt difficult for a male sociologist to think over an all †female group by means of participant observation, while written questionnaires may be useless for examine those who cannot read. Research probability Sometimes the opportunity to carry out research occurs minutely and this means that it may not be executable to use ambiguous methods such as questionnaires, which take longer to prep ar. For example, a Glasgow gang leader offered ‘James Patrick’ (1973) the retrieve ‘out of the blue’ to spend time with his gang.Wi th little time to prepare, ‘Patrick’ had no plectron but to use participant observation. In other circumstances, the researcher may have been able to set up the research opportunity carefully beforehand and have plenty of time to select their methods. P. one hundred sixty-five……………… good issues Ethics refers to moral issues of ripe and wrong. Methods that sociologists use to drive great deal may raise a range of ethical questions. The British Sociological Association sets out guidelines for the conduct of research, including the following principles: Informed try forResearch participants (the people being studied) should be offered the right to refuse. The researcher should also tell them nigh all relevant aspects of the research so that they can make a fully assured decision. Consent should be obtained before research begins, and if the study is lengthy, a elucidate at intervals throughout the process. Confidentiality and s ecrecy Researchers should keep the identity of research participants secret in order to foster to prevent assertable negative effectuate on them. Researchers should also respect the privacy of research participants.Personal information concerning research participants should be kept confidential. Effects on research participants Researchers need to be aware of the possible do of their work on those they study. These could include police intervention, harm to employment prospects, companionable exclusion and psychological damage. Wherever possible, researchers should essay to anticipate and prevent such calumniatory effects. Vulnerable groups Special care should be taken where research participants are especially vulnerable be make out of their age, disability, or physical or mental health.For example, when studying children in schools, researchers should have regard for issues of child protection. They should obtain the respond of both the child and the parent, and they shou ld provide information in language that the child can understand. Covert research Covert research is when the researcher’s identity and research purpose are hidden from the people being studied. This can create salutary ethical problems, such as deceiving or lying to people in order to win their trust or obtain information. Clearly, it is impossible to gain informed consent while at the akin time keeping the research or its purpose secret.However, some sociologists argue that the use of back methods may be justified in certain circumstances. These may include gaining access to areas of social spirit closed to investigating by secretive, deviant or effective groups. speculative issues This refers to questions about what we think society is like and whether we can obtain an accurate, fair picture of it. Our views on these issues will affect the kinds of methods we choose using. Validity A legitimate method is one that produces a true or genuine picture of what someth ing is authentically like.It allows the researcher to get closer to the truth. many an(prenominal) sociologists argue that qualitative methods such as participant observation give us a more valid or truthful trace of what it is like to be a member of a group than quantitative methods such as questionnaires can. This is because participant observation can give us a deeper insight through first hand experience. Reliability Another contrive for reliability is replicability. A replica is an exact copy of something, so a true method is one which, when copyed by another researcher, gives the same results.For example, in natural philosophy or Chemistry, different researchers can repeat the same experiment and obtain the same results every(prenominal) time. In Sociology, quantitative methods such as written questionnaires tend to produce more reliable results than qualitative methods such as unstructured interviews. p. 166 Representativeness Representativeness refers to whether or n ot the people we study are a typical transit †section of the group we are interested in. Imagine, for example, that we motive to know about the effects of divorce on children.It would take a great deal of time and money to study every child of break up parents, and we might only be able to afford to study a sample of, say, 100 such children. However, if we ensure that our sample is congresswoman or typical of the wider population, we can then use our findings to make generalisations about all children of divorced parents, without actually having to study all of them. tremendous †scale quantitative surveys that use modern sampling techniques to select their sample are more likely to produce representative data.Methodological persuasion Sociologists’ choice of method is also influenced by their methodological perspective †their view of what society is like and how we should study it. there are two contrasting perspectives on the choice of methods: positiv ism and interpretivism. prescribeds †elect quantitative data, examine to discover patterns of behaviour, see Sociology as a science. Interpretivists †prefer qualitative data, seek to understand social actors’ meanings, reject the view that Sociology is a science.Why do positivists and Interpretivists prefer different types of data? Positivists and Interpretivists collect and use different types of data: positivists prefer quantitative data, while Interpretivists prefer qualitative. This is because they make different assumptions about the nature of society and how we should study it. Positivists: • walk out that society has an objective factual realism †it exists ‘out there’, just like the physical world. • Society exerts an influence over its members, systematically shaping their behaviour patterns. Positivist research uses quantitative data to release and measure these patterns of behaviour. • By analysing quantitative dat a, positivists seek to discover the objective scientific laws of cause and effect that determine behaviour. • Positivists frankincense prefer questionnaires, structured interviews, experiments and official statistics. These produce data that is both reliable and representative. Interpretivists: • Reject the intellection of an objective social reality †we innovation reality through the meanings we give to situations, not the carrefour of outdoor(a) forces. Our actions are establish on the meanings we give to situations, not the product of external forces. • Interpretivist research uses qualitative data to uncover and describe the social actor’s ‘universe of meaning’. • By interpreting qualitative data, Interpretivists seek to gain a subjective understanding of actors’ meanings and ‘life worlds’. • Interpretivists thus prefer participant observation, unstructured interviews, and personal documents. These pr oduce data that is valid. Functionalists and Marxists often take a positivist approach.They see society as a large †scale (macro †aim) structure that shapes our behaviour. By contrast, interactionists privilege an interpretivist approach. They take a micro †level view of society, focusing on small †scale, face †to face interactions. The sociologist’s theoretical perspective is usually the most weighty factor when choosing which method to use. Whenever possible, they will want to obtain the type of data †quantitative or qualitative †that their perspective views as most appropriate.However, practical and ethical factors usually limit the choice of method. Just because a sociologist prefers a particular kind of data, doesn’t mean that they can simply go ahead and gather it. Time, resources, access, consent, privacy and so on are all constraints on their choice. Finally, even sheer chance may determine the method used. For example, Dav id Tuckett (2001) describes how one graduate(prenominal) Sociology student found himself taken ill with tuberculosis and confined to a hospital ward, so he used this as an opportunity to conduct a participant observation study.Choice of topic p. 167. Before choosing which method to use, sociologists need to decide what topic they wish well to study. Several factors influence their choice: Theoretical perspective The sociologist’s theoretical perspective is a major influence upon their choice of research topic. For example, a New practiced researcher may study the effects of welfare benefits on the growth of lone †parent families, since the idea of welfare addiction is central to their standpoint.By contrast, a feminist researcher is more likely to choose to study domestic violence, as opposition to sexual practice oppression lies at the heart of libber theory. Society’s value Sociologists themselves are part of the society they study and thus are influenced by its values. As these values change, so does the focus of research. The rise of womens liberation movement in the 1960s and 1970s take to a focus on sexual activity inequality and the environmentalist concerns of the 21st cytosine have generated interest in ‘ green crimes’ such as serious contamination or the unlawful transport of atomic material.Funding bodies Most research requires funding from an external body. These bodies include government agencies, charitable organisations and businesses. As the funding body is paying for the research, it will determine the topic to be investigated. For example, one of the major social concerns of New wear upon governments after 1997 was the ‘social exclusion’ of some disadvantaged groups. As a result, government departments were keen to fund research projects to investigate the causes and effects of social exclusion. Practical factorsPractical factors, such as the inaccessibility of certain situations to th e researcher, may also restrict what topic they are able to study. For example, although sociologists may wish to study the ways in which global corporations make their decisions, this may not be possible because these are made in secrecy. heavyset Sociologists test their theories using quantitative or qualitative data. Sociologists obtain primary data themselves, using methods including questionnaires, interviews and observation. Secondary data are produced by others but used by sociologists.In choosing a method, sociologists take several issues into account: • Practical issues include time and funding. • Ethical issues include whether the researcher deceives the subjects. • Theoretical issues include validity (does the method give a truthful picture? ), reliability (can it be replicated? ) and representativeness (does it study a typical cross †section? ). Perspective also affects choice of method. Positivists prefer quantitative data; interpretivists favour qualitative data. Choice of topic is also affected by society’s values and funding bodies.\r\n'

'Change for the Better\r'

'Never would he shed thought that we would have ended up loving t there, falling in sleep together, and consumeing ab verboten the culture as much as he did. Although a persons experience chiffonier be a good a thing, it also target get in the port of having a neat friendship, gather uping nearthing new, and alone being happy. Todays technology is precise friendly in meeting new race on diverse sites like Backbone, Twitter, and Chattahoochee. Some piles perception of meeting new people with technology that ar around the serviceman will get absolve of their local cultures, traditions, and control over their cultures communication (Borderer, Borderer & Swollen, 2010, peg. 12). What people dont get Is technology Is one of the ways we learn the most about a culture. A way to get more respect for your culture Is to sh are It to people and not to be afraid to come out It. When making friends you dont unavoidableness to be the weird one, just for me seeing someon e that Is so proud of their cultures Just devotes me want to learn more about them. addition you might be surprised that our cultures have some similarities and are part of the dominant culture. Having something in coarse is always a good base to a wonderful Friendship. Cultures in the world are what makes the world so interesting.So many different things we can learn and discover where things came from. Now some people are to proud of there bucolic to even egress the time to learn about another country because they thing its wrong and their cultures is the right way of doing things. each(prenominal) the different cultures have probably something in normal with one an other, and you will probably find out that a lot of them Just a have some tweaks to make them different. Learning about a culture that you are going to go experience Is respectful to the people of that country whether they are Into the stupendous tradition or not.In the end everyone is proud of their countrys a ccomplishments and what they contributed to make the world it is today. Outsourced is a great way on showing how your perception affect your attitude and happiness. eyepatch toad just wanting a burger, he went to a Mac Donas to realize they dont sell burgers. He meets a character, named Bob, who was in the same predicament that batrachian was in but for much longer. Bob told toad that it doesnt get better until you accept Indians culture. Once Toad finally accepted the culture he valued to learn more about it and found a way to communicate better with the people of India.Toad was a more happy person, and even found love during his months In India. When you totally accept something, whether its a different culture or It Is Just the way you look, you choke a better and happy person. Perception Is a strong and powerful thing you use to suck life situations. It Is always going to be with you whether you want it or not, and is something that we control our actions, and make up our take heed about something we heaven full learned about. Perceptions can change your life for the better or for the worst. It comes bundle to how you take your perceptions and whether you let them change your life for the better.\r\n'

'Explore the extent to which personality traits explain student preferences for specific learning approaches and teaching modalities\r'

'Re public opinion of the literary works 1.1 IntroductionTo learn to a greater extent(prenominal) behaveive education and to be able to improve the system to best leave al angiotensin-converting enzyme and only(a) for the mostbody demand of its apprentices, this psychoanalyse come outs to inquire the bind betwixt an psyche’s disposition and their p m conclusion larnment way and pedagogy way.\r\n in that location is a shortage of reliable investigate on how a disciple’s temper fascinates their information panache and preferable article of belief modality. in that respect is until now, a epic body of research that analyses the human cosmoss descent among disposition and knowledge.\r\nCurry (1983) describes acquisition as a futurity focused process that involves variant of constructs to bring about a change in an unmarried’s cognitive, practical, affective, social or moral skills which shag be observable as a change in behaviour. The acquire flack of an item-by-item reflects the way in which they go about the process of schooling with strike to their chosen setting, their internal goals, treatment of information, and passion to succeed. discretion the penurys for these individual take issueences in ways of information and how this may apply to disparities in deed has always been a concern for those requireing educational practice.\r\n tenet modalities refer to the way in which information is delivered to the school-age child, and the acquisition surround that is created by the teacher. Higher Education employs several program line modalities, including traditional lectures, sm altogether told tutorial groups and one-to-one mentoring. didactics modalities can vary as a point of intersection of the subject beingness taught, assessment criteria, and the individual gustatory modalitys of lecturers, who may emphasise more(prenominal) theoretical or more practical approaches, or a combination of the devil (Chamorro-Premuzic, Furnham & Lewis, 2007; Chamorro-Premuzic, Furnam, Dissout & Heaven, 2005). notwithstanding this large scope for variability, there is gnomish research into assimilators’ preferences for different tenet modalities, especially into what factors abide to these preferences.\r\nFielder (1993) suggested that for the most exertionive doctrine, a modification of approaches to precept should be recruited in order to put forward to the different learn drifts and individualizedities of the students. This hypothesis is supported by a hold showing that a conformation of teaching modalities was beneficial in engaging more individual acquire modal values (Dunn & Dunn, 1979). Whilst there has been disceptation ring whether there is a scientific basis for cultivation styles (Curry, 1983; Pashler et al., 2009), this evidence appears to highlight their relevance to teaching.\r\nThe large chromosomal mutation in teaching style, instruction approach and schoolman exploit poses several questions. Does student genius and their favourite(a) larn approach account for preference of accepted teaching modalitiesWhat is the birth amid record and an individual’s learnedness approachIt is therefore of import to ask, argon sure discipline approaches suited to specific teaching modalities?\r\nThe following hypotheses impart be tested to investigate the relationship betwixt student constitution, preferable culture approach and pet teaching modality\r\n(a) on that point is a substantive relationship amidst certain region characteristics and encyclopaedism approaches. OR Is there a relationship among student soulfulnessality marks and favored nurture approach?\r\n(b) There is a significant relationship amid student character traits and their pet teaching modality. OR Is there a relationship between student personality traits and their preferred teaching modality?\r\n (c) There is a significant relationship between students’ preferred acquire approaches and their preferences for teaching modalities OR Is there a relationship between students’ preferred attainment approaches and their preferred teaching modality?1.2 scholarship ApproachesRecent research has emphasised the important contribution of students’ knowledge approaches as determinants of how such(prenominal) knowledge they acquire, and how this translates into faculty member performance ( plum duff, 2003; Duff, Boyle, & Dunleavy, 2004). In a series of probes, Biggs (1987, 1992) conceptualised three major(ip) teaching approaches to classify the way students approach their nurture. These were assort as ‘ cryptical’ near’ and ‘achieving’. A thickset approach to breeding is characterised by intrinsic motivation, designation with subject matter, and the desire to learn more pointedness and fundamentally understand the su bject. Deep learners will purport to make the content of a littleon meaningful and draw a thorough understanding. Conversely, students who adopt a come forward approach to larn show less reside in the task, avoid any challenging activities, and aim to pass exams rather than enhance their understanding. These students draw to cope with information superficially and memorise isolated and unrelated facts (Biggs & Tang, 2007). The achieving approach to learning is characterised by goal-oriented psychoanalyse strategies; ground on competition between different students and self-importance enhancement. This approach lends to students that atomic number 18 motivated by the desire to achieve the top grades regardless of whether they find pertain in the task at hand (Biggs, 1987; 1988). Biggs (1987) gain ground divided each of the ‘deep’, ‘ rear’ and ‘achieving’ approaches into ‘motive ‘ and ‘strategy’ as stu dent goals may differ from the ways that these students go about achieving them.\r\nPrevious research shows support for a look relationship between student personality characteristics and student’s learning approaches (Zhang, 2003; Disth, 2003;). Zhang (2003) indicated that there are positive relationships between extroversion and show learning, and between agreeableness and surface learning. This finding is supported in a study by Duff et al. (2004), who demonstrated a positive relationship between extraversion and a deep learning approach. Additionally, individuals with conscientious and open personalities arrive at been shown desire to develop deep learning strategies (Zhang, 2003) and those showing strong bleakness to experience have shown less propensity to being surface learners.\r\nLiterature has examined several homunculuss of learning styles and proposed criticisms of much(prenominal) tools that purport to measure learning styles. One such(prenominal) tool is the Kolb Experiential cultivation Model (ELM) (Kolb, 1976). Kolb’s ELM has received criticism that it is neither legal nor current, which has detrimental implications for education that could be if employed (Bergsteiner, A genuinely & Neumann, 2010; Geiger, Boyle & Pinto, 1993). However, an alternating(a) vex, the instruction Styles Questionnaire (LSQ) (Honey & Mumford, 1992) has shown near test-retest reliability. Critics have suggested limitations to the LSQ, suggesting that the tool is helpful for those students already interested in a position career choice and would not be reliable enough for students at angleing non-vocational fertilises (Reynolds, 1997).\r\nAlthough there has been a debate as to the scientific basis of learning styles (Curry, 1983, Pashler et al., 2009), studies in the literature have provided irrefutable evidence that learning approaches and personality traits are strongly related. It may besides be possible to infer that learning approaches have a straightforwardive value in explaining human behaviour, as learning is such a pervasive feature of being. This is supported by research from Busato, Prins, Elshout and Hamaker (2000), who depone that a learning styles inventory has a diagnostic value for identifying both strengths and weaknesses in the individual study behaviour of students.\r\nThe present study will explore the extent to which personality and learning styles influence preferred teaching modalities.1.3 temper The discovery of the â€Å" extended fivesome personality traits” can be interpreted as one of the major accomplishments of psychological science in the ordinal century. These traits are agreeableness, conscientiousness, culture, aroused stability (versus neuroticism) and extraversion (Goldberg, 1990). Tokar (1995) proposed that the five-factor model is the one of the most â€Å"prominent and heuristic models of personality structure”. Several studies support Tokar’s view finding that the personality traits of the swelled five model accounts for a large amount of the variability in personality (Goldberg, 1993; Taylor & McDonald, 1999).\r\nMcCrae and Costa (1995a) acknowledge that personality has many an opposite(prenominal) other dimensions, proposing their ‘Model of Person,’ which uses the term ‘characteristic adaptation’ to explain personality traits that are not ingrained characteristics described by the big factor five. These characteristics adaptations are proposed to develop over time and are influenced by environment and experience, yet mediated by personality traits. These include characteristics such as habits and attitudes.\r\nThe learning approach construct may well be one of such characteristic adaptation. This has been emphasised by a large research base into personality and how it is influences by a variety of variables. These include mental mirth, student self-esteem, teachersâ₠¬â„¢ perceptions of their cook over their students, teaching persuasiveness and course type (Lieberman, Stroup-Bernham, & Peel, 1998; McCaffrey, 1996; Parker, 1997; Rimmer, 1997). Additionally the federal agency and influence of opinion styles has been addressed (Zhang & Huang, 2001; Zhang, 2000a; Zhang 2000b). This emphasises the many possible influences that may be at work on the suppuration of one’s learning approach.\r\nThe work of Costa & McCrae (1985-1992) has been in(predicate) in accommodating the big five personality constructs already assessed by Biggs (1987) and Eysenck (1975). They investigated the NEO Five-Factor lineage and bring that it was able to reliably assess the five personality dimensions. Other research into this inventory showed that it provided both good internal validity (Holden; 1994; Furnham 1996) and external validity victimization Holland’s (1994) Self Directed Search (Tokar & Swanson, 1995; Fuller, Holland � 38; Johnson, 1999). This is all suggestive that these five predominant characteristics are reliable, replicable and spokesperson of distinct traits.\r\nNeuroticism (N) at the extreme end of the scale may be characterised by disturbance nervousness and excited lability. Individuals high on the N scale tend to have a demoralized outlook and experience negative feelings that include emotional instability, guilt, embarrassment, and low self-esteem. The extraversion (E) subscale tends to be associated with the sociable and cocky individuals who prefer to work in a group with other people. Openness to Experience (O) is characterised by preference for variety, openness to change and variety, active imagination and freedom of judgement. Additionally, people who score high on the O scale tend to be less blimpish and traditional, however they similarly value and respect other people’s beliefs and conventions. Individuals scoring high on the culture (C) scale are characterised as being strong-willed, responsive and trus bothrthy with a strong whizz of purpose. They also tend to be focused on task and goal outcome and are achievement oriented (Goldberg, 1990).\r\nMurray-Harvey (1994) observed that some descriptions of learning approaches are best formulated in wrong of individual personality. For example, Shabolt (1978) demonstrated that those showing introverted or neurotic personality traits performed in conditions of structured teaching than when undecided to unstructured teaching methods. Eysenck (1978) also noted that personality and learning are closely bring togethered, finding that extroverts tend to socialise during learning periods, are easily confuse from academician work and find concentration more difficult. Eysenck (1978) also postulated that those showing the neuroticism trait tend to let nerves interfere with their work. Furnham (1992) expanded this work, using the Eysenck temper Questionnaire (EPQ) (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975; 199 1) and the Learning Styles Questionnaire (Honey & Mumford, 1992). Findings revealed that all elements of learning style were related to at least(prenominal) one of the elements of the personality traits, suggesting an inextricable link between the two. Furthering this hypothesis, capital of Mississippi and Lawtey-Jones (1996) set in motion evidence for a reversal of the relationship, finding that whilst learning styles could be fully explained by personality scales, additionally, all learning styles correlated significantly with at least one personality trait. Furnham (1992) however, suggested that an individual’s learning approach may be interpreted as a derivative of personality rather than a separate entity.\r\nFindings from Zhang (2003) strongly suggest reason for advertise research into the field of personality and learning, finding that the two are related, but are individual constructs (reporting a quarter overlap), whereas Duff et. al. (2004) report an even gr eater relationship between learning approaches and personality traits. Duff (2004) and Zhang (2003) reported similar associations between openness and a deep approach to learning and neuroticism and surface approach. Extroverts were proposed to adopt a surface approach (Zhang, 2003), however Duff et al. (2004) entrap that agreeableness purported a surface approach.\r\nFurthering this, one may deduce that learning approaches act as indirect influences of personality traits on learning success. This may be highlighted by some personality traits being more strongly related to some learning approaches than others. These mediating factors may be identified by means of the consideration of how an individual may adapt their behaviour to suit their personality. For example, the surface approach, which accounts for a potential of trial and comparison with others, is related to neuroticism, and openness, which is associated with curiosity, imagination, and intellectual values, is related to the deep approach. Again, the personality trait of conscientiousness is reflected in the thorough nature of the deep approach. Other research highlights that it is a variety of personality traits that are associated with each learning approach and that there is not a iodine distinct contributing trait per approach (Diseth, 2003).\r\nThere are arguments to suggest a dubious link between personality traits and learning approaches, with belief that it cannot be modelled (Zhang & Sternberg, 2006) due to the dubious nature of learning approaches. Despite this resistance, others authors have found evidence and argument that the learning approach concept is associated strongly with personality (Furnham, 1992; Gelade 2002; Jackson and Lawty-Jones, 1996). Messick (1994) proposed that learning approaches, when in conjunction with other influence and constructs can be seen to provide a metaphorical bridge between cognition and personality. This implies that learning approaches can a ct as mediators in bringing learning material to the individual and making it relevant. The connection between personality and learning approach has been under investigation for many years (Jung 1921; Myers & Briggs, 1962), which highlights the importance that has been placed on the understanding of this construct.\r\nInformation on the relationship between personality and learning approaches allows for insight into the motivations and strategies that may be used by individuals when learning from a very young age. This will be especially recyclable for those personality traits that show persist by dint ofout life, and will enable tailoring of education and learning advice appropriately. Additionally, it is important to know if personality and learning approaches are distinct psychological constructs and if so whether these can account for students’ teaching preferences. This is important as teaching methods are a strong influence on students’ learning and, in tu rn, their academic performance.Teaching ModalitiesFischer & Fischer (1979) define teaching style as a â€Å"pervasive way of approaching learners that faculty be consistent with several methods of teaching”. Conversely, Conti (1989) argued that teaching style is less pervasive, suggesting that it a construct of the personal characteristics and qualities of the teacher and remains consistent in several(a) situations. Knowles (1970) emphasised the importance of teaching style on the learning experience, asserting that â€Å"the behaviour of the teacher influences the character of the learning climate more than any other single factor”.\r\nTeaching itself has been suggested to consist of an teacher’s personal behaviour and the media used to beam or retrieve entropy to or from the learner (Gregorc, 1982). The success of teaching style and the accomplishment this data transmission and retrieval may depend largely on see to iting. twin(a) is defined in ter ms of a compatibility of the environment and the interactive effects of the person (Hunt 1979).\r\nEarly studies carried in the US such as that by Simon (1987) aimed to determine the relationship between students’ preferred learning approaches and their preferred teaching styles of college tutors. He administered the Cranfield Learning styles inventory to 4,000 students. His studies revealed that students indicated a preference for fewer lectures and a more hands on experience. Students showed preference for less faculty directed learning and more student independence, also preferring peer and instructor affiliation. Implications from this study were that instructors should lower the number of lectures in favour for an increase direct experience where students become more involved in the course and programme direction.\r\nOne of the strongest measures of learning success is academic achievement (Zimmerman, 1990), therefore the success of learning approaches and teaching moda lities may be assessed through individual performance. nature type has been shown to be a forecaster of academic performance, with those with conscientious personality types achieving academic success across a range of subjects (Busato et al. 2000). Additionally, Lieberman, Stroup-Benham and Peel (1998) found that conscientiousness, agreeableness and extraversion correlated with intellectual satisfaction at medical school. When considering this relationship, it is important to consider the influences that personality type has on learning approach and how much this may contribute to the outcome of academic success. There have been many further studies relating to personality and academic achievement, which as discussed above is apparent mediated through learning style, however there is an absence of research investigating the influence of teaching modalities.\r\nCurrent studies pertaining to academic achievement, learning approaches and teaching modalities found that students whos e preferred learning approaches matched with their teacher’s preferred teaching modality received higher grades than those whose did not match (Mathews 1995; Rains, 1978; hunter 1979). This highlights the importance of matching and concordance between student and teacher. This is supported by research suggesting that teaching modalities and students’ learning approaches interact to affect student learning (Saracho, 1990; Saracho & Spodek, 1994; Taylor, 1994; Wentura, 1985). The current research base would be greatly amend by further investigation into the relationship between learning approaches and students’ preferred teaching styles, especially how these are both mediated by the individual student’s personality.\r\nRecent research carried out by Furnham (1996) begins to explore this avenue. 221 students took the Neo Five-Factor constitution inventorying, were assessed on their learning approaches and also their preferred teaching modalities. Per sonality trait correlated with learning approach, and both of these individually had an effect on preference for certain teaching modalities. The study employed Marton and Saljo’s (1976) strategy to assess teaching modalities and covered students’ approaches, styles, motivations and study methods (Entwistle & Ramsden, 1983; Entwistle, 1997). Conclusions were that emotional stability, agreeableness, and deep learning approaches were associated with preference for interactive teaching and lessons. These personality traits were also negatively related learning via a surface approach. Findings showed that those with a preference for interactive teaching were likely to have a personality which combined emotional stability and agreeableness, and these students would prefer a deep learning approach.\r\nBibliography\r\nBergsteiner, H., Avery, G. C., & Neuman, R. (2010) Kolb’s experiential learning model: recapitulation from a modelling perspective. Studies in chronic Education, 32 (1), 29-46.\r\nBiggs, J. B. (1988) Assessing students approach to learning. Australian Psychologist, 23 (2), 197-206.\r\nBiggs, J. B. (1987) student approaches to learning and studying. Hawthorn. Australian Council for Educational research.\r\nBusato, V.V., Prins, F J., Elshout, J.J., & Haymaker, C. (2000) Intellectual ability, learning style, personality, achievement motivation and academic success of psychology students in higher education. 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(1983) An Organisation of learning styles hypothesis and constructs. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association Quebec.\r\nDiseth, A. (2003) Personality and approaches to learning as predictors of academic achievement. European ledger of Psychology, 17, 143-155.\r\nDuff, A. (2004) The role of cognitive learning styles in accounting education. daybook of Accounting Education. 22, 29-52.\r\nDuff, A. (2003) Quality of Learning on a MBA programme. The Impact of approaches to learning on academic performance. Pe rsonality and Individual Differences. Educational psychology, 23 (2), 123-139.\r\nDuff, A. Boyle, E., & Dunleavy, J. F. (2004) The relationship between personality, approach to learning on academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1907-1920.\r\nDunn, R. S., & Dunn, K. J. (1979) Learning styles/teaching styles: Should they : : : can they : : : be matchedEducational Leadership, 36, 238â€244.\r\nEntwistle, N. 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(1997) a validation of the five-factor model of personality in academically talented youth across observers and instruments. Personality and Individual Differences. 25(6), 1005-1025.\r\nRaines, R. H. (1978) A comparative analysis of learning styles and teaching styles of mathematics students and instructors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Nova University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL.\r\nReynolds, M. (1997) Learning Styles: a critique. Management Learning, 28, 115-133.\r\nRimmer, R. J. (1997) Personality and teachers’ student control ideology. harangue Abstracts worldwide- Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 57 (11A), 46 17.\r\nSteinberg, R. J. (1997) thinking styles. New York: Cambridge University Press.\r\nSaracho, O. N. (1990) The match and mate of teachers and students’ cognitive styles. Early Child Development and Care, 54, 99-109.\r\nSaracho, O. N., & Spodek, B. (1994) Matching preschool children’s and teachers’ cognitive styles. 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'High Cost of Poverty in the United States Essay\r'

'P e trulyplacety flush toilet be delimitate in umteen diffe engross fashions. In certain attempts, it rouse be used in numbers, while separate definitions suffer be frequently(prenominal)(prenominal) than vague, and used to define a manner style. The defined term of pauperisation is â€Å"the state of iodin who lacks a usual or socially acceptable sum of property or material possessions”. (Mirriam Webster, 2011) tally to the U.S. count thorax, much than 37 million lot conk let verboten be slump the impoverishment declivity. â€Å"The ranks of America’s la mentable sfountainheaded to al nearly 1 in 6 stack lead year, reaching a crude heights as long-term unemployment left millions of Americans fight d ingest and out of work. The number of uninsured edged up to 49.9 million, the biggest in much than cardinal decades.” (Yen, 2011) want is plain very common in our country, and all over the world. crimson with the United States b eing the wealthiest country in the world, we still feature many an(prenominal) Americans who struggle commonplace to fit. The topic I chose to focus on is the postgraduate damage of pauperism, and how it actually bes more to be poor. Although it suck inms wish an oxymoron, it is a very realistic topic.\r\nI chose this topic because I cave in personally been abstruse in both sides of economic statuses. Although I do non bouncy in extreme poverty, I technically stick an income that falls within the line of poverty, precisely I do non open a family to vitality and take in student loans to conk out off of. I sine qua noned to know provided detail of how those who precisely experience poverty, consecrate express mail picks, and how their disadvantages actually be them more m 1y. My personal life experience is bingle from an upper middle categorize family, and was raised in a wealthy suburban atomic number 18a in a predominately white community. My family never had pecuniary struggles, so I had no experience with battling account statements. I worked in high school and had my deliver specie, hardly I had nothing to profit for. I persuasion I made a decent kernel of currency making $7 an hour, and only work 15-20 hours a hebdomad. For a person with no bills or take aways to turn over for, $150-200 a week was a standoff to me.\r\nRecently, I moved out of my p arnt’s suburban home and into the city to be circumfe split up to school and gain some indep poleence as an adult. I make around $250-400 a week, dep stamp outing on the drill of the restaurant I delayress at. I soon regardd that I am very dependent on my two roommates to split bills and rent, because I could never s much to live on my avow. Although we live in a natural depression income neighborhood, the comprise of food, rent, electric automobile, catch fire and cable bills stack up, and I struggle to give birth them. I in any case only pay one third of the full cost. I bind a car I demand to put screw up in, a gym membership I pay calendar periodical and credit card bills every month. I now see how spate that make scantily as much, or slight than I do, struggle rase more to make ends meet when their income is at the head of the household.\r\nI wanted to shew to people that it is more expensive to be poor, because of the lack of resources, income and credit, and withal what their woofs become for survival due to these circumstances. I as well did a quantitative study on lease versus owning an item, to immortalize that it actually be more to rent something than to purchase it upfront. I chose to sample the uniform iii items from two different stores, and recording the footings to see the differences of rent and owning it. I am aw atomic number 18 that well-nigh individuals in poverty, usually do not apply lavish funds to purchase items or homes upfront so they often rent them, think ofing they can open weekly or monthly payments to spread out out their income to afford other(a) life necessities.\r\nMy first notion I chose to focus was vex to food. I design about how much I spend on the food I enjoy for bonny for me personally, and I think it is expensive. I enjoy fruits and fresh ve overtakeables, instigator name cereals and expensive breads. Since I grew up eat the certain brands, I continue to try and afford the things I like. Being an individual with a suffering income, I cannot imagine supporting not only myself, alone a family solely on my income. In this research paper, I will explain the hardships of cop to and from the grocery store, and if you cannot, you need to shop elsew here(predicate), such(prenominal) as corner stores.” Prices in urban corner stores argon or so perpetually higher, economists say.\r\nAnd sometimes, prices in supermarkets in poorer neighborhoods ar higher. Many of these stores overbear more because the cost of doing stock in some neighborhoods is higher.” [ (Brown, 2009) ] This can lead to pass b are time, danger, stress, and in the end, costing the individual more money. It also forces those with slight money to spend, higher take a chance for obesity. â€Å"Inequitable access to wellnessy foods is one machine by which socioeconomic factors influence the diet and health of a creation”. (Drewnowski, 2009) Since they do not give birth the money to afford bouncing choices, they must ask foods that they can stretch out in club to feed their families, even if it is not healthy.\r\nMy next concept I chose to study was the price of minimum net profit, and how it isn’t really the minimum coverage of standard living. In New York State, the minimum hire is $7.25. â€Å" to the highest degree 20% of American adults who carry jobs are earning less than $10.65 an hour. Even at 40 hours a week, that amounts to less than $22,314, which is the poverty take for a family of quatern ity”. [ (Isidore, 2011) ]. This simply states that a monthly income of about $1,000-$2,000 is almost impossible to survive on. This whitethorn lead to bad credit, coerce into lease, and having people do dangerous or criminal activity to get money or items for their families.\r\nThe poverty direct for all people disguises substantial variation amidst racial and ethnic subgroups. pauperism rates for disconsolates and Hispanics greatly exceed the national average. According to the United States count Bureau, â€Å"In 2010, 27.4 pct of blacks and 26.6 part of Hispanics were poor, compared to 9.9 percent of non-Hispanic whites and 12.1 percent of Asians.” (Bureau of the Census, 2011) Poverty rates are most often the highest for families headed by private women, particularly if they are black or Hispanic. â€Å"In 2010, 31.6 percent of households headed by single women were poor, while 15.8 percent of households headed by single men and 6.2 percent of married-couple households lived in poverty.” (Bureau of the Census, 2011). â€Å"The official poverty level is an annual income of $22,314 for a family of four â€Å". (Yen, 2011)\r\nOn average, dep destination on the size of a household, a family living in poverty has an average income of less than $20,000. This can imply couples with children, single parents with one or more children. gratuitous to say, this is not a lot of money to support a family on, and thus they have to take extra steps to survive, which results in higher costs, and contributing to the program line of the high cost of poverty. You have to be sizeable to be poor. This is what some people, who have never lived on a lower floor the poverty line, don’t derive. The poorer you are, the more things cost. excess steps in money, time, hassle, exhaustion, and danger. This is a fact of life that television, magazines and media, do not often explain. Take for example, food. First, if you do not have a car, get to the supermarket can take anywhere from one to tether hours of creation transportation, and costing a price to use the transport or a taxi. To use the method of mankind transportation, it is necessary to have to load all of your groceries into the bus, or taxi.\r\nThis is limiting to space and capability of carrying all of the groceries. A simpler version of this would be to walk to the corner store, for separated, but where the grocery selection is limited and prices are prototyped. â€Å"Prices in urban corner stores are almost always higher, economists say. And sometimes, prices in supermarkets in poorer neighborhoods are higher. Many of these stores charge more because the cost of doing business in some neighborhoods is higher.” (Brown, 2009) Also, if you are living in poverty, you will most potential not be making complete money to buy $100 or more worth of groceries for your family. This results in the person or family using up more money, to either get to the gr ocery store, or salaried more for the food to save money traveling to and from. In the end, it is a losing situation, and the poor are paying more in the end than somebody who is wealthy and has access to the necessary resources.\r\nSpending more money than middle mark, or wealthy class to buy groceries is one example of how high the cost of poverty is. If the poor is consumption money in the corner stores, they are most likely not getting nutritious foods or healthy choices that most corner stores do not carry. corpulency is a direct result from that, seeing that unhealthy foods cost way less than healthy eating does.” Obesity and type 2 diabetes follow a socioeconomic gradient. Highest rates are observed among groups with the lowest levels of pedagogy and income and in the most deprived scene of actions. Inequitable access to healthy foods is one mechanism by which socioeconomic factors influence the diet and health of a population”. (Drewnowski, 2009) Low income levels leave people no choice but to choose foods that are nutrient poor, because it is a price that can afford and something they can stretch out among their whole family to feed them. It is also the scoop out way to provide daily calories at an seedy cost.\r\nThose who are struggling financially are distinctly the most disadvantaged when it comes to healthy eating habits. In our grocery stores today we have so many artificial sweeteners, preservatives, fats and sweets that are sure to taste good, but not good for our health. Fats and sweets tend to cost way less, where as healthy foods cost more. It makes no finger to have unhealthy foods cost less than healthy foods, but it is the manufacturing and production that determines the cost of foods. Therefore, those who do not have the money to purchase healthy options have to choose foods that fit in their budget. These are usually unhealthy, packaged, canned or frozen options that have small(a) to no nutritional value.\r\nEven those families that have political relation support, welfare checks and food stamps are still on a restricted budget. The foods they are allowed to get for free or reduced price are items such as fruit juices, canned fruits, cereal, grits, and corn tortillas. These items are all packed with sugar and calories which is not aiding in healthy lifestyles. â€Å"Researchers have shown that low-income neighborhoods attract more fast-food outlets and doodad stores as opposed to full-service supermarkets and grocery stores” (Drewnowski, 2009). This also relates spinal column to travel costs, transportation and affording food. Since it is easier to get to the corner stores, it is a disadvantage to the customers because the corner stores are usually just packed with unhealthy options. It is economic deprivation that is a rudimentary factor in obesity, and one key factor of weight gain may be low diet cost.\r\nanother(prenominal) example of how the high cost of poverty is, is the p rice of minimum lucre and if it really acceptable to be the minimum wage you can survive on. Most people and experts rival that to get out of an economic slump, we need more jobs. But another problem is that millions of Americans already have jobs that don’t pay very much. â€Å"About 20% of American adults who have jobs are earning less than $10.65 an hour. Even at 40 hours a week, that amounts to less than $22,314, which is the poverty level for a family of four”. (Isidore, 2011) In New York State, the federal minimum wage is $7.25. minimum wage is supposed to be the wage in which it is the bare minimum amount of money that one can survive on. Even at 40 hours a week, that equals to be $290 without taxes taken out.\r\nThis would be a paycheck of about $250 for one week, and this equals about $ special K a month. Taking into considerateness that those who are the functional poor, they need to spend more money getting to and from work, which also costs extra time. They also need to pay bills, feed themselves and their families. For an individual making $1,000 a month, this is almost impossible to survive on even in minimal conditions. An average cost of rent in Buffalo NY is fairly inexpensive, and taking into consideration that Buffalo on of the poorest cities in the United States, we have to be aware that there is many people in the city below the poverty line. According to Rentjungle.com, An average one bedchamber flatbed in Buffalo is $679 a month and two bedroom apartment rents average $750. To see this in comparing to another large city, one bedroom apartments in New York City rent for $2356 a month on average and two bedroom apartment rents average $2767.\r\nMinimum wage is clearly not enough to survive on if your average monthly income is $1000. Out of $1000 income, you have to set diversion an average of $600 for rent, leaving you $400 for car fees, if you have one, or transportation fees if you depend on them. If your apartmen t does not include utilities, you need money for electric bill, gas bills, which can skyrocket in our area when it is winter, cable or internet if possible, and food budget. Another example of a disadvantage the poor have is the actual process of capitaling their check to get their money. The complete or middle class usually have the option of direct deposit for their paychecks.\r\nThe poor have check-cashing and payday loan joints, which cost time and money. The poor pay more for financial services, and many people who cannot be capable to have a fix figure may have to pay extra money for a money order to pay their bills and cash their checks. â€Å"They may pay a 2 percent check-cashing fee because they don’t have bank services.” (Brown, 2009) Many people in poverty literally live paycheck to paycheck. If they have a bill that’s due, they do not have a luxury of online payments, because they cannot afford computers or internet, so they have to mail it. If they do not have the money in time for a bill, they have to wait for their next paycheck.\r\nThis can cost late fees, and in an end result, spending more money than a person with those luxuries. While many people are surviving in this manner, people will look for any way to get by without spending their money. Many people in poverty may depend on credit cards to assist them afford things they cannot. Credit cards can succor out for temporary reasons, but if not gainful off, this can cause more problems. People who are struggling to pay their bills will most likely have bad credit, and have no other option but to rent homes, items, and many other things they cannot afford, due to their credit and income. Bad credit also costs more money than those with good credit. If a person does not have enough money to pay off bills in full, they will get extra interest charges and fees that stack up and end up costing more for them.\r\nSince I did not have the option of going into homes of t he people in poverty, I decided to do research on items, rather than homes, to compare the costs of rent to own. woeful people do not have the option of owning homes, because of their credit and/or income, so they have no choice but to rent. I wanted to see if the price you pay for being a low income individual actually costs you more, than to own something. This is to show that poverty does in fact cost more to live I chose to look at a refrigerator, a range and a television from two different department stores to compare prices on a rent versus owning the item. My first item, the refrigerator, a 25.3 cubic foot, Side-by-Side with thru-the verge Ice and Water, Black color, was $799.99 to own immediately from scoop up subvert.\r\nAt Rent- A-Center, the same exact refrigerator was $37.99 to rent per week, for 91 weeks. At first, it seems like a cheap ken and a realistic price for those who do not have the $799.99 upfront to spend. When you do the math, $37.99 per week for 91 wee ks is $3457 total to own later renting at the $37.99 per week. This is over four times the price it would cost to buy at Best Buy and own immediately. I also learned that consumers can get a â€Å"discounted” price by purchase the item after 90 days, which seemed a microscopic better to me. When I did the math again, it would equal out to be $1728 total to own after renting for 90 days. This is still about double the price of buying it immediately.\r\nMy next item I compared was the range. A GE-30” Freestanding Electric Range, Black-on-Black Quickset tierce oven. At Best Buy this was $429.99 to own immediately. Rent-A-Center had the same oven for $24.99 to rent per week for 74 weeks. The total to own after renting for 74 weeks at $24.99 was $ 1849. later 90 days of renting, the total price to own would be $924.63. The prices are clearly different, but further it seems teachable when you are there. Looking at a price of $25 a week for a nice, brand new stove seems pretty manageable if you have a low income. When you look at the math and how much it will actually cost to rent rather than own, it is actually over four times the original price to own the oven upfront.\r\nThe last item I compared was a television, an Insignia© Advanced 42” Class/1080p/ 120Hz/ LCD. This item from Best Buy was $749.99 to own immediately. Rent-A-Center had the same television for $39.99 to rent per week, for 74 weeks. It seems like a reasonable, affordable price until you calculate it and realize that it would cost $2959 total to own after 74 weeks of renting. This is about four times the original price. afterwards 90 days of renting, the â€Å"discount” price to own, at Rent-A-Center is $1479, still double the original price.\r\nAll three of the items I chose to compare are most indispensable in homes, with the exception of the television. Although it is not a necessity, almost all homes have at least one television. When those who are living in poverty want to own these items, they will have struggles to afford paying them. They turn to the option of renting because they see the low price and it appeals that it is affordable to them. The small payments they think they can afford weekly add up and end up costing them quadruple of original prices.\r\nIn conclusion, being poor is a struggle. It costs much more money and time to be poor. on the job(p) lots of hours and making little money takes a toll on many people here in the United States. I wanted to show readers that this is a very realistic topic to study, and that the cost of poverty is high. The obstacles and disadvantages those in poverty have to deal with are frustrating, stressful ,and in need of change. Poverty is a very difficult thing to understand and take control over because lifestyles cannot be forced upon. People choose their own paths of life, and lack of direction, jobs, motivation, children and many other situations are uncontrollable. In our society, I think it is important to know the struggles of those in poverty taken with(p) situations and to understand their hardships.\r\nThis can be motivation to those in it, or headed towards it in their future. Learning about the costs and disadvantages poverty comes with can be a move factor for people to go to college and get an education to receive a well paying job, get a job in general, cultivate themselves about saving money, and learning that renting is not cheaper than owning. intrustfully my research will be beneficial to those in college, living on low income, to do well in school to gain better jobs, educate those in poverty about the costs they are spending and figuring new alternatives, and to open eye to those that think it is cheap to be poor. Being in poverty costs time and the cost of poverty is certainly high. In the end, the high cost of poverty will be a never ending cycle of time and money and I hope this research paper opens the eyes of all individuals to back u p make this problem change.\r\nBibliography\r\nBrown, D. L. (2009). The High Cost of Poverty: Why the Poor Pay More. Lexis Nexis Academic , A-4. Bureau of the Census. (2011). Income Alternative Poverty Estimates in the United States. capital letter D.C: U.S Census Bureau. Drewnowski, A. (2009). Nutrition Reviews: Obesity, diets, and social inequalities. Seattle: University of Washington. Isidore, C. (2011, September 27). CNN Money. Retrieved November 15, 2011, from non getting by on minimum wage: http://money.cnn.com/2011/09/27/news/economy/minimum_wage_jobs/index.htm Jason M. Sutherland, E. S. (2009). Getting one-time(prenominal) Denial †The High Cost of Health negociate in the United States. The New England Journal of medicine , 1227-30. Mirriam Webster. (2011). Mirriam Webster Dictonary. Dictionary . Brittanica Company. Yen, H. (2011, September 13). Yahoo News. (A. Press, Ed.) Retrieved November 15, 2011, from Census: US poverty rate swells to nearly 1 in 6: http://news .yahoo.com/census-us-poverty-rate-swells-nearly-1-6-142639972.html\r\n'

'Ideology in Desperate Housewives\r'

'Ideology In heroical Housewives Every day, the habitual is unknowingly exposed to countless ideologic contents. They take from all around, only when the media re main(prenominal)s ideology’s primary agent. In places such as magazines, commercials, billboards, movies and boob tube parades, one squeeze out find evidence of ideologic messages. According to theologist Louis Althusser, ideology places individuals into a sure position in society by a process called interpellation, where a specific subject (or stem of people) is called out, or harbingered.Althusser claims that ideology does this in order to â€Å" stand by people to live their own conditions of existence, to perform their delegate tasks, save also to ‘bear’ their conditions. ” An mannequin of this can be found in television dramas aimed at American old women, as found on ABC or Lifetime. One potent example comes from the drama Desperate Housewives. This suggest may be ilk a glorif ied soap opera, as it primarily depicts the lives of four dynamic home prep atomic number 18rs living in the same cal-de-sac in suburbia.However, the show’s billet is non solely to entertain, just now also to hail its audience of middle- time-worn women by telling them what manakin of behavior is acceptable for their role in society. In the issue â€Å"You Must Meet My Wife,” each lady of the house struggles with a personal conflict as their pictorial desires and tendencies conflict with the type of behavior expected of them as spouses and mothers. We see these discrepancies unfold as the tones are confronted by internal temptation, marital infidelity, discontent with their maintains and gender roles regarding family finances.In the end, we willing see ideological norms reinstated by these women resisting their true feelings in order to act â€Å"appropriately. ” On the surface, Bree Van de Kamp looks like the i bonk lady of the house. Her house is a lways spotless and she cooks gastronome delicacies for her family’s dinner every night. However, as the serial progresses, we learn that there is a lot overmuch to Bree (as there is to any person). In this episode, Bree is seduced by her much younger and very attractive contractile organ. Bree is single, so this is not a matter of infidelity, but of general sexual urges.The narrator explains that Bree was brought up traditionally, learning to hide and reverse her desires in order to be a â€Å"lady. ” Therefore, Bree denies her urges because she recognizes that as a woman, society does not approve of her organism sexually outgoing. This point is hit home when she fires her contractor so that she is not tempted by his company. She lies and tells him she is permit him go because he is doing a sloppy mull, unable to choose to him (or anyone) that she is having fantasies about him.Bree’s display of â€Å"weakness” makes the bandage relatable and enter taining to the audience, since it is made up primarily of middle-aged women who feel the same pressure to be closely inhuman sexually. Ironically, that pressure is being reinforced by the ideological lesson that this episode teaches. Gabrielle Solis profiles a different liberal of housewife. Her conflict arises when a prevail informs her that her daughter’s blood type indicates that she could not possibly be the child of garrulous and her maintain, Carlos.Gauging voluble’s reaction, the nurse assumes that the child essential not belong to Carlos, and judgmentally implies that Gabby was unfaithful. The nurses actions are direct proof of the ideological message: if a housewife cheats on her conserve, she loses worth. Panicking, Gabby concludes that she must render cheated on Carlos during a weekend forward with her girl booster stations when she was blackout drunk. Several ideological violations arise here. First, her role as a housewife does not allow weekend s away with her friends where she gets wildly intoxicated. Second, cheating on your husband is of the utmost offense.Although women now have equal rights to add up their equal capabilities, our society is still predominantly patriarchal. Gabby pays for her indiscretions in this episode. Scared and deeply ashamed, she must deal with her overwhelming guilt. Her struggle reinforces ideological norms, teaching her (and consequently, the audience) that she should have been home with her family rather than out for a enjoyment weekend with her friends. It turns out to have been all a mistake, and Gabby was not unfaithful, however her ideological lesson was knowing the hard way.Yet another ideological message is presented with the life of Lynette Scavo. Strong, smart and opinionated, Lynette is the feminist who equates to (if not exceeds) her husband in most areas. However, she is not immune to the ideological restraints of being a housewife either. In this episode, her husband Tom is d iagnosed with Post Part-um Depression due to the new birth of their daughter. There is a comical flavor to this, as Post Part-um Depression is mostly know as a disease for women. This works to make Tom look weak, while Lynette is exhausted victorious care of the house and the kids.She laughs at Tom’s diagnosis, and he becomes offended, stating that she is always too critical. Lynette’s friend Renee becomes involved, telling Lynette that she needs to â€Å"demonstrate her abilities as a wife” and make it up to Tom. Renee’s shell provides insight to the ideological belief that wives should be encouraging and nurturing towards their husbands, even if it means sacrificing their own comfort or opinions. In the end, Lynette apologizes and listens to Tom complain for hours, just as a proper housewife is expected to do.The national role of women is reinstated again through Susan Delfino’s storyline. hostile Bree and Gabby, Susan lives more of a work ing class lifestyle, and latterly work has been slow for her husband Mike. Tight on money, Susan decides to pick up another lineage to append her income as a teacher. She does this by agreeing to do house asseverate in lingerie for a live-feed stream on the internet. Although this side-job is harmless and proving to be quite profitable, ideology tells her (and consequently, the audience) that this job is something she should be ashamed of.She lies to Mike and tells him she’s been merchandising homemade jewelry (more of a â€Å"lady-like” hobby) for extra money. It energy make sense if Susan felt ashamed because the job capability be degrading the sanctity of her be, but that is not the reason. She lies to Mike because if he knew she was using her body to make extra money for them, he might be embarrassed, upset, or even angry. As the ideology of a housewife maintains, a husband should be the main source of finances and his wife should keep him comfortable and ha ppy. Susan breaks these rules, and it burdens her with guilt throughout the episode.She should not be ashamed to be making money in a time where finances are low, but since society does not deem it appropriate, Susan sacrifices her good sense of right and wrong to be a good housewife. In conclusion, Desperate Housewives reinforces ideological norms of middle-aged women through every main character in the show. The audience might hazard they are only being entertained for an hour, but what they take away from it is so much deeper. They are impressed with the ideology that women of a certain aged should act, talk, and feel this way. The audience learns lessons through the characters.This particular episode taught us that fulfilling your role as a housewife is of the utmost importance, even if it means sacrificing your natural desires, freedoms, opinions, or capabilities. Desperate Housewives is not the first television show to promote this ideology. Throughout history, the ideal hou sewife has been depict as static, obedient, asexual, and sometimes seemingly inhuman. However, a show centered on such a character would be dull. So Desperate Housewives takes some liberties, letting the characters run rampant and make mistakes, only to charge back into their rightful places inside of their homes on wisteria Lane.\r\n'

'Religious and Thnic Groups Paper Essay\r'

'I picked Buddhism as my ghostly collection. I am a Christian so this is interesting to me beca engage if would run through stayed in Thailand, Buddhism would be the religion that I would pick up learned and believed in. Buddhism is a actu all(prenominal)y unique religion and it differs from all new(prenominal) religion out there. They do non believe in a God. Tak stated, â€Å"We apply’t believe in a beau ideal beca role we believe in man. We believe that to each integrity humankindkind be is precious and all-important(prenominal), that all have the strength to develop into a Buddha †a perfected human being. We believe that human beings can outgrow ignorance and unreason and see things as they accreditedly ar.\r\nWe believe that hatred, anger, violate and jealousy can be replaced by love, patience, humanity and kindness. We believe that all this is within the grasp of each person if they make the effort, guided and supported by fellow Buddhistics and inspired by the physical exercise of the Buddha. As the Buddha says: No one saves us still ourselves, No one can and no one may. We ourselves moldiness walk the course of study, But Buddhas clearly show the counselling” (2011) The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism teach that life is a suffering, there is a cause of this suffering, it is possible to mould an end to this suffering and the Noble Eightfold cartroad is the means to end this suffering.\r\nRefuge in iii Jewels is the three components of Buddhism which protect a person from the perilous population as he progresses on the path to become a Buddhist. The Five Precepts lay agglomerate the moral conduct to make human world a develop place to live. These precepts pr hithertot Buddhists from lenience in deeds that restrict spiritual process and cause harm to some separates. The Three Marks of in condition(p) Existence explain that everything in this world is impermanent, without signification and full of suf fering. They do not have a ten commandments, no judgment day, no excogitation myth, no prayers for help or intervention, and\r\nlet’s tribe find their own path though life. There ar no rewards or punishments on judgment day uniform(p) others. Buddhism is strictly not a religion in the context of being a faith and worship owing dedication to a supernatural being. Buddhism has been looked upon as opposite pedagogy from other and this makes Buddhism have a negative catch even though they feel that it is okay and that beggarly things can not cut through their skin. This is what my blood brother had to say slightly his experience with others in variant religion, a member on Yahoo commented â€Å"I have experienced abhor form other who dress’t believe in what I believe in.\r\nAnd for the simple fact that I wear’t worship their god. People have been hangdog and confused and it’s sad that people atomic number 18 this way. Well people telling me that I’m going to burn in hell is full one display case. Mostly I pop out people coming up to talk to me and I get the whole, â€Å"so be you a good Christian girl thing,” which makes me want to puke, and I say no I’m Pagan. And most people don’t even contend what that means, but typically they stop talking and walk away. ”( Philosoraptor, 2012) Buddhism has contributed little at a time and over time. Today we use supposition as a relaxation and even as a type of medicine.\r\nIt is like yoga, has the equal affect on the mind, body, and soul. The growth with Buddhism is even arrive at polar races, like for example Whites. Amanda Rivera said, â€Å"I echo the appeal comes from the fact that the Lotus Sutra emphasizes the absolute comparability of all people to be able to attain buddhahood, to attain their enlightenment. The sources of prejudice and discrimination with any spectral sort is that people do not agnize and envision the grou p and which fear and hate starts to model in. It is the people’s ignorance that causes the negative feelings and actions.\r\nWhen we talk virtually prejudice and discrimination a fine example would be two years ago in Kansas. The Lao-Buddhist Association [Wat Lao Buddhasampham] is trying to move its Olathe temple to a location along 119th Street in Olathe. But the Johnson County Board of Commissioners has so far denied the group a conditional use permit. Neighbors say that the athletic field the Buddhists have chosen is zoned residential, but Lama wander Stanford of the Rime Buddhist Center says that discrimination is the real reason behind the opposition. â€Å"This is clearly just sliminess of ethnic and religious prejudice,” said Stanford.\r\n[…] Standord notes that Christian churches atomic number 18 common in residential areas, and that comments made by residents during a January zoning board meeting advise fear and ignorance. At the meeting, people raised concerns about traffic, water pollution and â€Å"animal sacrifices,” along with entropy from gongs, which Stanford says are no louder than church bells. Another example On Sept. 13, 2011 the U. S. Department of Justice filed a pillow slip against the city of Walnut in Southern calcium because the city did not allow Chung Tai Buddhist Group, originally from Taiwan, to build a worship and meditation center.\r\nThe Department of Justice accused the city regimen of violating federal law, which states that religious groups have the same right(a)s to use land as other building applicants, and of tell apart against the Buddhist group. The sources of prejudice and discrimination with any religious group is that people do not know and understand the group and which fear and hate starts to tag in. It is the people’s ignorance that causes the negative feelings and actions in which thus problems and issues occur instead of accepting that people are different and uni que. I have been neutral with Buddhism but my brother believes in it.\r\nI do not judge him and I try to think critically if I speak but after doing the interrogation I have a new spirit of my ethic religion of my biological parents. The main important thing I have learned is not asking which religion is better but what is different from what I believe in and what they believe in because that is when you can see how others think and view beliefs. pickings a look at ethnic group of peace-loving island-dweller are different from others in the aspect that the pacific Islanders live a very social lifestyle, in which family members, some(prenominal) immediate and extended, form together in a solidified community.\r\n peace-loving Islanders often have difficulty balancing their conventional â€Å" pose-back” attitudes with the high pressure competitive demands of American pedagogy and marketplace economy. Pacific Islanders’ cultures follow usance and traditions base d on ancient principles that promote life sentence an honorable and noble lifestyle. Embedded deeply into the Polynesian culture are music, dance, and food. Traditional storytelling, music, and dance are ancient ways of passing down write up from one generation to another.\r\nThus teachers with students who are Pacific Islanders may want to use twain indite and oral instruction, particularly in areas of literacy. Pacific Islanders are in fact highly developed peoples. Our ancestors survived for centuries in remote and isolated communities having devised their own means of transaction with the elements and of maintaining social order. In the process of what is known as ‘development’, however, Islanders wrestle daily with individual demands in a market-driven world, while our consciousness continues to be taken up(p) by a pervasive sense of our embodied identity (Wickham).\r\nThe main thing with interaction with other groups is that Pacific Islander are more laid bac k and they tend to not be up to par with the other social groups. This makes them to be â€Å" black” and â€Å"no gas in the think tank. ” Pacific Islander has been a huge contribution to American culture in fields as alter as the arts, health care, business and military service, Asian Pacific Americans are central to our quality of life. calendar month of May has been declared Asian Pacific American Heritage Month which celebrates all of those that have entered into the join States and help to develop where we are today as one.\r\n diagonal and discrimination is part of history with Pacific Islander in the past. Taiwanese-American Wen Ho Lee, for example, was targeted by the U. S. government and suspected of espionage because of his ethnicity, according to many in the Asian/Pacific Islander community. In May, U. S. Rep. David Wu, an operating theater Democrat, was detained entering the Department of Energy building in Washington, D. C. , and repeatedly asked if he was an American citizen.\r\nJuly, 2009 in Seattle, a group of Asian-American youths, stopped by police for jaywalking, claimed they were devil by an officer who repeatedly asked if they spoke incline and allegedly remarked, â€Å"I’ve been to your country before, when I was in the Army. ” These types of prejudice and discrimination are all manner wise and nothing more. The pure ignorance is the source for all these actions. The research was harder to do on Pacific Islander due to the fact of less records and information like other groups. The more I read the same information was being presented.\r\nI started to research other groups and I was able to find so some(prenominal) more information. So yes it did help me to understand them better but not to the point of really apprehension them because of lack of information and data on them. Prejudice and discrimination on the two groups were similar because both of them were looked upon as physical appearance and judg e by looks instead of getting to know the two and understand the two. They both been looked at as different and odd. In the beginning of the two in America they both been push around and forced into doing things that were not right at all.\r\nHarassment and anger seems to fill hate towards the two. They are different in ways of the one is being discriminated because of a practice and the other is a human being. There is not much to be different other than that. Discrimination and prejudice looks the same, acts the same, and smells the same. non much difference because it is all out of unlearned assumptions, anger, hatred, and intolerance. References Philosoraptor, M. (2012). Yahoo! Answers. Retrieved from http://answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20120229093706AAHWC2Q Swee, T. (2013).\r\nBuddhism-Major Differences. Retrieved from http://www. buddhanet. net/e-learning/snapshot01. htm Tak, Y. (2011). canvas Buddhism With Other Religions. Retrieved from http://wfcs. buddhistdoo r. com/OldWeb/passissue/9612/sources/comp. htm Rivera, A. (2011). Why Is American Buddhism So White. Retrieved from http://www. thebuddhadharma. com/web-archive/2011/11/9/forum-why-is-american-buddhism-so-white. html Wickham, A. WACC. Retrieved from http://www. waccglobal. org/en/19973-indigenous-communications/929-Hidden-perspectives-on-Communicationâ€Culture-in-the-Pacific-Islands-. html.\r\n'