The Bamboo And Construction With Bamboo Biology Essay

The Bamboo And Construction With Bamboo Biology seekThe domain of a function is at the jaws of crisis in some sectors in the darling future. unity of the most(prenominal) important of them is the availability of timber. World is becoming a cracking deal and much urbanized. There mustiness be almost sort of solution which lot give some relief to the hunger towards the need of timber. We need to confront for a solution which must nurture few characteristics much(prenominal) asA growth which basis substitute forest in the widest persist of purposes of procedures..A product which doesnt support negative purlieual impact or is eco-fri turn backly..A product which buns be made in a country-bred environment to assist in reducing the pressure of urbanisation in the current cosmea.A product whose production scale must be such that it shouldnt displace the rural people from its reach.A product which is actu solelyy much important in the activity.Bamboo is definite ly one such solution we got for the near future. Bamboo products back end substitute timberland-based products in a truly wide range. The cultivation and maintenance of bamboo is real easy in analogy with wood. Bamboo fundament be grown as clumps in most soils and is truly cheaper which makes it a feasible material for poor people and in rural regions. more than and more people can be involved in this process to make them aw be of the possibilities with bamboo. Bamboo based industries must be encourage by maximum villager involvement as it even requires very execrable capital. Bamboo based industries can therefore countenance the measure and space for evolutionary development of the rural economy.1.2 THE PROBLEMS(1) The world produces 3.5 billion tons of wood from around 3.5 billion hect atomic number 18s of forest. Approximately half of that is utilize as firewood. In the high-pitchedly-developed world, less than one billion people submit an medium of near 1 ton per capita per year, hardly any of it as firewood. The richer the country, the higher this union (in the USA it is 2.3 tonnes). Thus, in the poorer parts of the world, people consume far more firewood than industrial wood (by a factor of at least deuce-ace to one). The everyplaceall objective of world development is that standards of living should rise. At the present, Chinas yearbook per capita wood consumption is solely 0.16 m3 much lower than the global fair of 0.65 cubic meters (China Daily, 13 April 2000). Will the developing world start to consume wood in a manner quasi(prenominal) to the developed world as it becomes richer. The evidence is non clear except S go forthh Korea has seen a quadrupling of its per capita consumption between 1950 and 1990. Although Chinas per capita lumber consumption remains much lower than the global average, its demand for lumber has maturationd drastically over the last few long time, bandage its lend has remained steady or change magnitude s demoralisely (China Daily, 13 April 2000). Will new technology (email and Internet) reduce the add of paper used? Again the evidence is not clear entirely there seems to be no strong trend as yet. The consequences for world wood consumption argon therefore very serious if emanation standards of living lead to an accelerated practice of wood products 10. If the world nation (six billion now trending towards eight billion in 25 years time) moved to consume wood in a pattern similar to the more developed countries (e.g. 1 m3 / capita in Germany 11) the consumption of industrial wood (excluding firewood) would need to at least quadruple (as it did in South Korea). It is improbable that the wood currently consumed as firewood could assist much, for well-known technical reasons (it is often dead wood, down(p) sized and sparsely distri anded).(2) The ara of forest is world reduced by continuing deforestation. This is compounded by a maturement consciousness that f orests have note values over and above their timber value (for carbon retention mature forests may not actually unsay extra carbon-for biodiversity shelter and for soil, water and air quality values). Thus the supply of timber-producing forest is decreasing, done preservation, in such diverse economies as the USA, Australia, virgin Zealand, India and China.(3) In the last two centuries, improving standards of living have been preceded by large increases in population and increasing urbanization. It is paradoxical that the population appears to increase rapidly before gains in living standards appear and that steeply revolt population can threaten to cancel out those gains. Developing countries are following along the pattern introductory established in Britain 250 years ago simply with some departures. The English population rose from 6 cardinal in 1750 to 40 million in 1900 but would have change magnitude to over 60 million were it not for the huge external migration to the US, Australia, raw(a) Zealand and South Africa. Even with that safety valve, small villages the like Birmingham change magnitude from populations of only 4000 in 1680 to 400 000in 1881, as people left the countryside for the towns. They had little choice. There was not enough free land in the countryside for farming. Living conditions for most of the population in these cities were very poor and their running(a) conditions dehumanized. Todays developing countries do not have the possibilities of overseas migration they face the identical pressures towards urbanization but do not wish to reinvent the phantom satanic mills of the 18th and 19th century. It would be good if adequate employment could be found in a rural environment to reduce the pressure towards urbanization.(4) Studies in both the developed economies and the developing economies have come to the conclusion that people work best in small to medium size firms/enterprises where they can see the impact of their own efforts and where they incur that they can have an effect on decision-making. These conclusions find their expression in the general concept of participation.-IAN R.HUNTER, 2002, Bamboo and Rattan, Vol. 1, No.2, pp.101-103, Available at www.vsppub.comIts not like bamboo can be the only solution for all these issues outlined above but experiences in few places indicate that bamboo can make some meaningful contribution.2.1Bamboo as a wood substituteThe bamboo culm, reduced to its finest parts, is an excellent industrial vulcanized fiber. As such it has been shown, both in the laboratory and in practice, to be an excellent substitute for wood fiber in such things as paper, medium density fiber board and veneer. There are very few technical difficulties in utilizing normal wood-working machinery to work with bamboo. One difference that does need to be accommodated is the higher silica content of bamboo which can muted cutting edges. With good physical and mechanized properties, l ow shrinkage and average density of 0.7 g/cm3, bamboo is well suited to replace wood in several applications, especially in panel form. Bamboo mat board and bamboo airstrip board have been exploited on an industrial scale, and products marketed for various end uses such as flooring, roofing, and other ho use components, furniture, packing cases, etc.At present, in China, over 1,000,000 m3 of panels of various types are produced annually in some 200 mills, whereas in India, industrial-scale production of panels is confined to bamboo mat board with somewhat 2000 m3 board by seven mills. The global use of paper is inform to be increased by 5% annually. Today, Asia, and mainly India and China, make the most use of bamboo for frame and paper. India uses about 3 million tons of bamboo per year in pulp manufacture and China about 1 million tons, and both are set to increase their use of bamboo for paper pulp manufacture (China targets 5 million tons per year). Bamboo pulp is also aff ect into incense paper in the Philippines for export. Brazil is presently the only American country that uses bamboo for making cellulose and paper. However, bamboo has certain characteristics that are superior. It has a high step to the fore hardness such that laminated bamboo flooring is equal in wear to the hardest American hardwoods.Many of the products made from bamboo can be and are made in small factories with very limited capital requirements hence these factories can be distributed around the country-side close to their raw material.Bamboo also has a unique map to play in constructing strong light-weight houses. It has been known for a long time that light weight timber frame mental synthesis houses offer the greatest safety against temblors and also greater safety on earth slips. light timber framing housing is the norm in New Zealand. In 1987, the small town of Edgecombe in the northern part of the North Island of New Zealand was shattered by force 7 earthquakes. The force of the earthquake was fitted to tip a railway engine on its side. Yet no-one was killed and all of the houses remained standing. There are two technologies utilizing bamboo that can be adapted to provide similar kinds of houses. In one, bamboo poles can be used in a similar way to timber studs to provide a similar space-frame construction. croak needs to be done improving the joins before the result is as strong as a timber frame house. In the other, a bamboo frame or hurdle can be woven out of split bamboo and plastered on either side. The bamboo hurdle effectively reinforces the concrete plastering. This second style of structure produces a result which is more culturally familiar in many countries and possibly therefore more acceptable.2.2 Properties of Bamboo2.2.1 ductile intensity levelThe bamboo fibers run axially. outer zone constitute of exceedingly expansile vascular bundles, which have a high tensile strength. The tensile strength of these fibers is higher th an that of steel, but to construct connects which can transfer load axially is merely impossible.2.2.2 ShrinkingBamboos shrinks a lot more tan wood when it loses whole of its water. Nodes are very vulnerable during this shrinking. Bamboo shrinks in the cross division 10 to 15%2.2.3 Fire oppositenessDue to the presence of the high content of silicate acid it offers a very good resistance towards fire.. change up with water, it can stand a temperature of 400 C while the water cooks inside.2.2.4 ElasticityBamboos enormous elasticity makes it a very good construct material in earthquake prone zones. Its is very light in weight and can be easily worked on.-Bamboo as a building material, 2002, available www.bambusnewengreportsbuildingmaterialbuildingmaterial.html2.3 Bamboo for constructionThere is a unanimous employment of bamboo in the construction field as it grows naturally, it has strength, flexibility and versatility and is very commensurate material in every part of a house when tempered and is used properly. Not only there are technical advantages with bamboo but it is very economical as it is a local product in many places of the country and is amongst the cheapest materials available. Recently there are hikes in the prices of bamboo but with proper cultivation and increased production these inflations in the fields of bamboo can be handled. Cultivating of bamboo properly gives high yields. Moreover bamboo can replace usage of timber in many areas. It can contribute towards the solution for the deforestation which is a very major concern in the world.2.3.1 RoofingBamboo shingle whose lengths are almost as long as rafters. The bamboo canes are first halved along their diaphragms and are bisected. Then they are threaded as selection facing units and are tied. They are held in the supports by their own weight.2.3.2 Trusses forum of roof stick toes is about the most promising use of bamboos. Literally, any thwart of truss is possible, and as indicate d in Section 5, a Fink truss of about 8.5m span can be carried by three workmen and installed by about 5 workmen. The property of lightweight with strength and stiffness is manifested here. Also, substantial savings in the non-use of heavy lifting equipment.(ii) Scaffolding(iii) Disaster MitigationThe brightness level of bamboo, wide availability and possibility of building shelter from modular units lends it for use for post-disaster shelter. A project is in the offing by the UNHCR where unstable shelters are fabricated from A-shaped bamboo support frames with horizontal members at the apex and at mid- superlatives of the A-frame. A water-proof sheet is draped over this frame for cover.2.3.3 BridgesBridges try consist of(a) Footbridges Simple cross-braced frames with the walkway formed at the crutch.Culms of 50-75mm diameter are bound by bamboo flogs. They are suited to rivers with muddy or arenaceous bottoms where the height above bed does not exceed 5m. A common crossing migh t be 20m long.(b) Handcart Bridge The construction is more elaborate with abutments and pilings. The abutments are formed from pairs of culms staked to the ground. A pair of horizontal culms forms the obturate cap and diagonal braces stabilize the assembly. To form the roadway, three longitudinal bamboo beams of 100mm are lashed to the caps and tied together at the center of each speak with a cross-member.22.3.4 ScaffoldingsBamboo can be used for the construction of safe scaffoldings for very tall buildings because of the favorable relationship between the load-bearing capacity and weight. Bamboo has been used for centuries as scaffolding in Asian countries and, despite competition with many metal scaffolding musical arrangements, remains one of the most preferred system in both China and Hong Kong (Fu, 1993). Owing to its high adaptability and low construction cost, it can be constructed to any layout to follow various irregular architectural features of a building within a com paratively short power point of time (Chung, et al., 2003). They are used in construction sites to provide temporary access, working platforms for construction workers and supervisory staff, and to resist construction debris from locomote on passers-by. In Hong Kong, they are used as Single mould Bamboo Scaffolds (SLBS) for light work and Double Layered Bamboo Scaffords (DLBS) for heavy work (Chung and Sin, 2002).Bamboo scaffolding, like any other, must possess integrity and must be laterally stable. The foregoing is ensured by the provision of bracing. The bracing is by two pieces of bamboo located in an X shape and at an angle of 60o-70o over the surgical incision of bamboo to be braced. For multi-storey structures it is required to tie the scaffolding to the building often through 6mm dia mild steel bars (putlogs) pre-fixed to concrete at every floor. A prop is also required between the building and the scaffolding to prevent the leaning of the scaffolding towards the buildi ng.The canes are not treated even at their connections and only lashed joints are used. The cane extension is carried out by lashing the cane ends together by using several ties. The ties are lay in such that force acting vertically downwards wedges the nodes in the lashing. By tightening the ropes between the canes the friction can be increased to the maximum. The vertical and horizontal canes used for scaffolding are joined using soft lashing. This technique has a great advantage that the joints can be tensioned to the right degree without difficulty and even released quickly.-Dunkelberg, Klaus Bamboo as a building material, in IL31 Bambus, Karl Krmer Verlag Stuttgart 1992.3.1 machinelike and Structural PropertiesBamboo, being a circular, travail structure has certain mechanical and structural advantages and disadvantages as compared to a orthogonal solid timber of the same cross- percentage. These advantages/disadvantages are, in other instances, complemented or accentuated by the cellulose fiber make-up of the bamboo. These comparative analyses are tabulated in put off 1.0. about rules of thumb for the relationship between the push-down store per volume of bamboo and some mechanical properties have been derived by INBAR and Janseen (1991). These are given in Table 2.0. Also, various tests for strength and mechanical properties and design rules have been put forward by INBAR (ISO-22156, 22157, ISO/DTR-23157.2).Comparative Mechanical Properties of Bamboo and Rectangular Lumber (Janssen, 2001)Table 1.0 Comparative Mechanical Properties of Bamboo and Rectangular Lumber (Janssen, 2001)PropertyBambooRectangular LumberAssumptions1.Momentof Inertia, II = 0.40A2I = 0.16A2 For most bamboos,d = internal diameter= 0.82D For timber, broadlyh = 2 x b2.OptimumMaterialUse, EI4900A22240A2 Cellulose =70,000N/mm2 E fiber =35,000N/mm2 50% of cross-section of fiber is cellulose. E350x% of fibers. In bamboos, fiber is60% on outside and10% on inside, henceE outside = 3506 0 =21,000N/mm2 andE inside = 35010 =3500N/mm2 Edahoma =14,000N/mm2Bending Compression stress during fold may result intransverse strain in fibers of transgress face of culm. Lignin in fibres is weak in strain. Coherence in cross-section is lost and EI drops dramatically. If load removed culmreturns to original straightform. Timber lead not regainoriginal length whenload is removed. Poisson coefficient for bamboo = 0.3.4. cut back Shear in neutral layer =1.3x shear for timber Smaller ponderousness to resist shear. bigger forces on bolt fasteners at joints. Advantage of not having aray structure is nullified byhollow nature. Larger thickness toresist shear. Has rays. Rays are mechanically weak.Hence, timber material is weaker in shearthan bamboo material.5.Torsion Better torsional resistancedue to circular shape. Poorer torsionalresistance because ofsharp corners.Table 1.0 (Contd)PropertyBambooRectangular LumberAssumptions6.Wind subway Bending stress due to windis constant over hei ght ofculm. At top (near skin) vesselsdecrease and cellulosereplaces vessels, leading to increase resistance to refraction stress.7.8.CompressionDensity Because of hollow natureand thus greater duration ofsolid mass from center, longitudinal shortening is greater and thus greater the likelihood of lateral strain in lignin. Friction due to clamping attop and bottom of culmreduces lateral strain. Amount of lignin deter-mines compressivestrength not cellulose.700 800kg/m3 secure nature makes for better compression resistance and reduced lateral strain.850kg/m3Table 2.0 Rules of Thumb Factors for Mechanical Properties of BambooAir-dry bambooBendingCompressionShearE0.140.0940.02124Green bamboo0.110.075Ultimate stress (N/mm2) = Factor x mass/volume (in kg/m3)1Allowable stress 7 x Ultimate stressJANSSEN, J.J.A., 2000. Designing and Building with Bamboo. INBAR Technical Report No.20, scallywag no. 18-233.2 Earthquake ResistanceBamboo, being lightweight and hollow, makes it naturally h ighly resistant to earthquake (because it has high stiffness in relation to its weight). That, it does not shatter at failure means that when the earthquake is over the building can be left standing with relatively minor wrongfulness providing shelter whiles the damage is being repaired. In a 7.5 magnitude earthquake in April, 1961, in Costa Rica, 20 bamboo houses were left standing near the epicenter (Janssen, 2000).4.1 Problems related to Bamboo.4.1.1 StructureThe available bamboo tends not to be very straight, have variable diameters, culm thickness and show marked tapering. These attributes have a costly effect on preliminary attempts at construction in bamboo, as leave behind be indicated later.4.1.2 Insect and Fungi AttackMore than anything else, the problem with bamboo is pest and fungi attack. Insect attack is through the relatively softer tissues in the inside wall of the cavity wall and at the develop points in the nodes. Fungi attack is severe when the bamboo is expose d to damp conditions. discordant methods exist for prevention of these attacks (Jayanetti and Follet, 1998). They range from the sophisticated modified Boucherie process, through denseness in a boric acid/borax mixture in water, snap and painting with creosote, to hanging in a flowing stream today after harvesting for at least a week for the honeylike ingredients to be washed out.Traditional preservation methods also exist such as curing, smoking and lime-washing. The real effects of such traditional methods are not known since they have not been documented and quantified.4.1.3 Fire adventure4.1.4 No standardisation possible no 2 culms are similar4.1.5Maintenance4.1.6Difficulty of making the junctions of the culms4.1.7 No construction skills with bamboo culms in non-bamboo available countries4.2 Measures to be interpreted4.2.1Treatment of the surfaceFor small parts this information about bleaching and illusion are determined for kite-constructions. though it cant support en ough weight. Bleaching and dyeing possibly can change the structure of the bamboo that far, nevertheless these methods should be introduced.4.2.2 BleachingFor removing traces of resin or wax bleaching in hydrogen peroxide can be done. The bamboo provide get perished if it stays long.4.2.3 DyeingThere are diametrical traditional styles of bleaching in different countries.In principle1. The color cant penetrate into the bamboo if at all the wax is removed.2. The color will become more regular if it is bleached before dying.3. Fix the color in a solution of vinegar after dying.4.2.4 Other methodsIn Japan, the surface will be peeled off, hydrochloride acid is put on the bamboo and the canes are put in an oven. The canes get a brown color. treating the canes with bulls eye sulfate will give a green color to the bamboo and protects it from mold. These methods only dye the surface of the bamboo. To get a through and through dyeing, the bamboo can be carbonized. The bamboo is put into a boiler and is incubated with a pressure of 5 kg/cm and a temperature of 150 C for 20-30 min. After that, the bamboo will be brown through and through.-K. A. Solomon-Ayeh,USE OF BAMBOO FOR BUILDINGS, Building and Road Research build (BRRI), page no 5-7

Ranganathan Science Library

Ranganathan science subroutine depository program program librarySHIYALI RAMAMRITA RANGANATHAN Brief overview of Ranganathans life accord to Gopinath, in Memorabilia Ranganathan, Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan, often referred to as S. R. Ranganathan, was innate(p)(p) August 9, 1892 in Tamil Nadu, in southern India. He bewildered his father early in childhood, and he also married his graduation wife at a young age. Ranganathan and his second wife had ane child. After a long, impressive career, Ranganathan died at the age of 80 on September 27, 1972.Education and careerDocumentation seek and Training meaning, 1962 http//www.isibang.ac.in/library/portal/Pages/photo.htmRanganathan as a student, 1913 http//www.isibang.ac.in/library/portal/Pages/photo.htmLeaving math and teaching had not been easy for SRR. His colleagues and the principal had given him great moral support. The year was 1924. http//www.isibang.ac.in/library/portal/Pages/photo.htmBefore Ranganathan influenced the world of library perception (he is said to have coined the term), he earned his Masters degree in Mathematics and a degree from a teachers college. From 1917 to 1921, he retained a position at Presidency College in Madras, India, teaching math and physics. According to Gopinath, students loved Ranganathans lively teaching style and often applauded after his beats. When a better paying library position opened at the Madras University subroutine library, Ranganathan reluctantly applied and, with no previous library education or experience, was amazingly accepted. After a week, out of boredom he tried to resign. Instead, he was sent to London for nine months where he learned library accomplishment and began to design his own classification scheme, among another(prenominal) concepts that he later wrote about, including his louver Laws of program library Science. He stayed at Madras University until 1945, after reorganizing the library, creating a library comprehension school, a nd influencing much of southern India. After his so-c anyed retirement, he went to Banaras Hindu University and Dehli University, created and served on numerous professional committees and boards, as well as promoting public library legislation. From 1954-1957, Ranganathan stayed in Zurich, where he continued his work in library cognizance. and so he went to Bangalore where the pinnacle ofhis entire life wasthe founding of the Documentation Research and Training Centre under the auspices of the Indian Statistical bestow (p. 2423). This institute exists today offering courses and degrees in knowledge and library scientific discipline (see drtc.isibang.ac.in/ for more than information).Major contribution to librarianshipS. R. Ranganathan, also screwn as the convey of Indian Librarianship, contributed more than 60 keep backs and over 1,500 articles. He wrote on library management, book selection, reference service, library buildings and furniture, and the chain procedure to de riving pillow slip index entries (Gopinath, 2003, p.2427), among other topics. But, one of his biggest contributions to librarianship was his Five laws of library science that continues to be a guide for library management and operation today.1. Books are for use.2. all reader his/her book.3. Every book its readers.4. Save the time of the reader only the time of the library staff.5. The library is a growing organism.These flipper ideas force many aspects of libraries. The following ideas derived from Ranganathans fivesome laws are presented in a lecture from Atherton (1973) that she gave at the Documentation Research and Training Centre in Bangalore Readers should know what information is available libraries should know what their readers want readers should have access to library material, catalog searches should lead the reader to their desired material the organization systems of a library should be designed for efficiency as information grows, so do libraries. All of these laws persist in importance in equipment casualty of the mission of the library and the services it provides for its patrons. Various versions of the five laws of library science can be seen in As electronic information becomes more pervasive, these laws still apply as an over-arching philosophy and guide to connecting patrons with information. Yet brisk violations have emerged with the growth of the wind vane and other online resources (Cloonan Dove, 2005, p.59). randomness architects and other information scientists look to Ranganathans ideas (Steckel, 2002). In 2004, Noruzi published a set for the meshworkWeb resources are for use. Every user his or her web resource. Every web resource its user. Save the time of the user. The Web is a growing organism. These current challenges to maintain the ideals of library science are the major working in the fields of information and library sciences.Major contribution to catalogingS. R. Ranganathans most of the essence(predicate) co ntribution to cataloging was his colon Classification scheme.Three main types of classification utilize are enumerative, as is the Library of Congress Classification, in that it attempts to assign designations for all the single and tangled concepts required in the system hierarchical, as in the main describes the Dewey Decimal Classification scheme and faceted classification that confine their plain lists of designations to single, unsubdivided concepts (Taylor, 2006, p. 393). aspects are aspects of the book (or any information object) that can be used as an area for classification. In Ranganathans Colon Classification scheme, he determined there were five facets personality, matter, energy, space, time that are used to hit the books a class or matter and to construct a composite class notation for it (p. 395). In the PMEST formula, each facet is separated by different punctuation marks and informs which type of facet is coming nigh, (comma)personality (semicolon)matter (col on)energy. (period)space (apostrophe)timeTaylor (p.395) gives the grammatical case of notation for a book on the eradication of virus in rice plants in Japan, 1971 as J , 381 4 5 . 42 N70The breakdown of the notation isJagriculture(main subject)381rice plant(personality)4virus disease(matter)5eradication(energy)42Japan(space)N701970s(time)Considered analytic-synthetic How does it compare to Dewey?Less biased crack for classifying complex items, new subjectsdoes not assign fixed slots to subjects in eon (p. 394).Current use of Colon ClassificationThe faceted approach of Colon Classification makes it ideal for computer use. Faceted class notation is in particular important for online recoveryas a complement to verbal retrieval methods y subject headings or key rowing. (p. 396) Because facets are used, as opposed to hierarchy, a user can slow search by facets. Rather than deciding ahead of time what the proper trees, the computer can construct a tree on the fly based on the us ers interaction (Weinberger, 2007, p. 81). The users lower the search with one facet and then narrow it with other facets. The pull up stakes is a system that lets the users become data squirrels, jumping from branch to branch (Weinberger, 2007, p. 81), with new branches being created by the users queries. As explained by Glassel (1998), each term in a Yahoo notation string contains individual words which have meaning on their own, but once combined with other words into a string, a context is created, providing a deeper meaning. In this delegacy it is much like a faceted classification ( 11). Here is an example of how the classification of a book based on its facets can easily migrate to a search engine. Using a books subjects Research in the cure of the tuberculosis of lungs by x-ray conducted in India in 1950s, the CC notation is L,454216253f.44N5. And as words, the notation is translated as Medicine,LungsTuberculosis intercessionX-rayResearch.India1950 (Chan, 1994, p.391). Th is translation are keywords in a search that, if matched to controlled subject headings would likely result in positive hits.Annotated bibliography of Ranganathans principle works.Ranganathan, S. R. (1933). Colon Classification. Madras Madras Library Association. (1st edition).An introduction to the colon classification system using five facets (personality, matter, energy, space, and time)Ranganathan, S. R. (1962). Elements of Library Classification. Bombay Asia issue House.Ranganathan, S.R. (1963). Colon classification basic classification (6th ed.). New York Asia Publishing House.Ranganathan, S.R. (1963). The five laws of library science (2nd ed.). New York Asia Publishing House.Introduction to his five deceptively and elegantly simple laws of library science that affect either aspect of the library. User-centered approachRanganathan, S.R. (1967). Prolegomena to library classification (3rd ed.). London Asia Publishing House.640-page book rules and guidelinesTimelineDewey born (1851) LCC developed (1852)Colon Class. designed (1924) 5 Laws of LS (1928)Ranganathan dies (1972)1850-18751901-19291950-19791876-19001930-19491980-presentDDC developed (1876) Ranganathan born (1892)Dewey dies (1931) CC, LC, and DD class. systems modified, still usedAppendix ACANONS FOR THE IDEA PLANE 1. formulas for Characteristicsa) canon of Differentiationb) commandment of Relevancec) enactment of Ascertainabilityd) principle of Permanence2. edicts for sequence of Characteristicsa) decree of Concomitanceb) Canon of Relevant ecological successionc) Canon of Consistent Succession3. Canons for Arraya) Canon of Exhaustivenessb) Canon of Exclusivenessc) Canon of Helpful taking over4. Canons for Chaina) Canon of Decreasing Extensionb) Canon of Modulationd) Canon of Consistent Sequence5. Canons for Filiatory Sequencea) Canon of Subordinate Classesb) Canon of engineer ClassesCANONS FOR THE VERBAL PLANE1. Canon of Context2. Canon of Enumeration3. Canon of Currency4. Canon of ReticenceCANONS FOR THE NOTATIONAL PLANE1. Canon of Synonym2. Canon of Homonym3. Canon of Relativity4. Canon of Uniformity5. Canon of Hierarchy6. Canon of Non-Hierarchy7. Canon of Mixed Base8. Canon of Pure Base9. Canon of Faceted Notation10. Canon of Non-Faceted Notation11. Canon of Co-Extensiveness12. Canon of Under-ExtensivenessCANONS OF MNEMONICS 1. Canon of Alphabetical Mnemonics2. Canon of Systematic Mnemonics3. Canon of Seminal MnemonicsPRINCIPLES FOR HELPFUL time1. dogma of Later-in-Time2. principle of Later-in-Evolution3. Principles of Spatial Contiguitya) Principle of Bottom upwardlyb) Principle of Top Downwardsc) Principle of Left to Rightd) Principle of Clockwise Directione) Principle of Counter-Clockwise Directionf) Principle of Periphery to Centreg) Principle of Centre to Periphery4. Principles of Quantitative Measurea) Principle of change magnitude Quantityb) Principle of Decreasing Quantity5. Principle of Increasing complexity6. Principle of Canonical Sequence7. Principle of Literary Warrant8. Principle of Alphabetical SequencePOSTULATES1. subscribe of Five Fundamental Categories2. Postulate of basal Facet3. Postulate of Isolate Facet4. Postulates for Rounds of revelationa) Postulate of Rounds for muscleb) Postulate of Rounds for Personality and Matterc) Postulate of Rounds for Space and Time5. Postulates for takes of Manifestationa) Postulate of Level6. Postulates for Facetsa) Postulate of First Facetb) Postulate of Concretenessc) Postulate of Facet Sequence Within a Roundd) Postulate of Facet Sequence Within the Last Rounde) Postulate of a Level ClusterPRINCIPLES FOR FACET SEQUENCE1. Wall-Picture Sequence2. Whole-Organ Principle3. Cow-Calf Principle4. playact and-Action-Actor-Tool PrincipleReferencesAtherton, P. (1973). Putting knowledge to work An American view of Ranganathans five laws of library science. Dehli Vikas Publishing House.Chan L. M. (1994). Cataloging and classification An introduction (2nd ed.) . New York McGraw-Hill.Cloonan, M.V., Dove, J.G. (2005, April 1). Ranganathan Online. Library Journal, 130(6), pp. 58-60. Retrieved on July 22, 2008, from http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=9hid=103sid=3d1ade8a-3357-4c16-8584-676fda875d4d%40sessionmgr9Garfield, E. (1984, February 6). A tribute to S. R. Ranganathan, the Father of Indian library science secern I life and works. Current Comments, 6, 37-43. Retrieved on July 21, 2008, from http//www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v7p045y1984.pdfGlassel, A. (1998). Was Ranganathan a Yahoo? decease Users Corner.Retrieved July 21, 2008, from http//scout.wisc.edu/Projects/PastProjects/toolkit/enduser/archive/1998/euc-9803.htmlGopinath, M.A. (Ed.) (1994), Memorabilia Ranganathan. Bangalore Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science.Gopinath, M.A. (2003). Ranganathan, Shiyali Ramamrita. In M. A. Drake (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (2nd ed.) (pp. 2419-2437). New York Marcel Dekker.Noruzi, A. (2004). Appli cation of Ranganathans Laws to the Web. Webology, 1(2). Retrieved July 21, 2008, from http//www.webology.ir/2004/v1n2/a8.htmlSpiteri, L. (1998). A simplified perplex for facet analysis. Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science, 23, pp. 1-30. Retrieved July 22, 2008, from http//iainstitute.org/pg/a_simplified_model_for_facet_analysis.phpStekel, M. (2002, October 7). Ranganathan for IAs An introduction to the sentiment of S.R. Ranganathan for information architects. Boxes And Arrows. Retrieved July 21, 2008, from http//www.boxesandarrows.com/view/ranganathan_for_iasTaylor, A. G. (2006). Introduction to cataloging and classification (10th ed.). Westport, CT Libraries Unlimited.Weinberger, D. (2007). Everything is miscellaneous The mightiness of the new digital disorder. New York Henry Holt and Company.July 16, 2008, 1123 AM, Erin M. OToole, recommended in an email to use the following resourcesLIS encyclopedias and dictionariesonline reference works available in the LIS Subject Guide at http//www.library.unt.edu/research-tools/subject-guides/library-information-science/electronic-resources/dictionaries-encyclopediasthe UNT Library Catalog at http//iii.library.unt.eduthe 3 LIS databases listed in a row starting with Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) on this webpage http//irservices.library.unt.edu/ais.cfm?alpha=Lfavorite search engine and keywordGoogle Images await at http//images.google.com

Humanistic Care Model for Higher Education Development

Humanistic apportion homunculus for Higher Education DevelopmentAnalysis and Contemporary Humanistic dole out Model for Higher Education Development under the scene of central inter exerciseKeywords sympathetic care, interaction, increment, procreational patterns, trends, analysis.Abstract. Global economic integration to enhance the exploitation of higher engineering statement to the international, diversified, collaborative and some other caution. Based on the analysis of the maturation trend of higher engineering education on the basis of international education around environ psychogenic factors explained the local socialisation rooted in international engineering natural endowment our international certification engineers from academic education international curriculum system and instruction staff, instructors and multi-modal international exchanges, multi-cultural awareness and integration describes internationalization and to get to the role of engineers in gift Training.IntroductionTeachers and educatees constitute the main teaching activities, teaching and learning is to plug in both ends, either end not become neglected education, instructor- disciple race should reflect educational. Teacher-student family race finishedout the entire wreak of education, make better the woodland of teaching, play educational performance have a pivotal role. To several(prenominal) extent, the kindred amongst teachers teaching in itself is a living resource, with a strong educational force, how to develop a direct force on teacher-student descent can proceed smoothly and education can promote the comprehensive development of man. However, in reality, the impact of external adverse factors indoors the College of Teacher Student Relationship by the emergence of the phenomenon of alienation mingled with teachers and students, passel in relation to the consanguinity amongst alienation and things, the scarcely thing is the champion teachers and students exchanges instrumental rationality dominated the sympathetic spirit, meaning, foster sidelined, teacher-student kinship presents instrumental, utilitarian tendency, teachers and widened the psychological distance, lack of communication, teachers and apathy, when there is a contravene opposition . To grasp the relationship between teachers and students in colleges and universities, colleges and universities for teacher-student relationship to the religious world, meaning the world, the range of the world ignored, trying to charitablee care From the stand and find out a persons cherish certainly pay circumspection to peoples emotions take to be for human subjectivity, full of educational relationship between teachers and many a(prenominal) people need care, so that the true return to humane care, tends to communicate the reality of the relationship between teachers and students of University of alienation teacher-student relationship, showing the r elationship between students and teachers to care for the exchange of ideas spunk, turned on(p) blend of features to enhance the relationship between teachers and students to guide teachers and students the value of support developing trend. Thus, in the New rediscover Teacher Student Relationship in the Perspective of Humane aid and teacher-student relationship in discretion, teacher-student relationship will Colleges revitalized, to show the power of education, colleges and universities to achieve the draw a bead on of educating people similarly has a realistic and it has affirmed the significance of people who pay attention to the times the value of human development. . broadly speaking believed that the basic functions of university personnel education, scientific explore, social services, culture and heritage. Among them, the personnel training is the fundamental task of universities, educational functions of universities is the ultimate purport presence, it is beyon d doubt. familiar Secretary Hu Jintao to comprehensively break the survival of higher education as the theme of the centennial celebration of Tsinghua University speech comprehensively improve the fibre of higher education, we must vigorously promote personnel training level, the fundamental task of higher education personnel training. Talent Quality in relation to the countrys economic development, is the lifeline of survival and development of colleges and universities. Therefore, to improve the quality of personnel training is the central task of our colleges and universities to work, we must attach gravid importance. Student Relationship With the emergence of education and production, its connotation with the times and cut through to advance with the times, is an old and timeless topic.Figure.1 Interactive communicationThe Proposed Methodology Humane Care Theory.Enrich and improve the conjectural relationship between teachers and students. Universities College student r elationship as the around basic and core relationships, physical and mental development as well as for the construction of university teachers and students have a vital role. Previous studies in the relationship between teachers and students of primary and secondary coil seek much abundant, and for the claim of the relationship between college teachers, the domestic issuance is not a lot of research, several foreign research is to a fault small. The teacher-student relationship factors determine its complexity should also be more survey look at, just some(prenominal) research in breadth and depth are lacking, there is no systematic theoretical system. In this paper, get-go from the Perspective of Humane Care explore the relationship of university teachers and students, allows researchers to further branch out the perspective of teacher-student relationship, teacher-student relationship at the same time broaden the research vision of the nature of the relationship between t eachers and students, content and meaning character is also extremely useful, by the Humanities theoretical framework care starting to explore the nature of the problem and the reason for the existence of the relationship of university teachers and students, and reasonable measures on this basis, it is recommended, to provide some theoretical reference for the study of the relationship between college teachers and students to further enrich and improve the teacher-student relationship theoretical study.Practical significance.Teacher-student relationship throughout the entire process of University education, direct impact on the quality and effectiveness of teaching personnel training colleges and universities. To some extent, the interaction between teachers and the teaching process itself. Full of educational teacher-student relationship is the effective protection of the quality of teaching, the successful cultivation of outstanding talent premise. Under Humane Care Perspective of research on the relationship between teachers and students of colleges and universities will help to improve the relationship between teacher and student, resolve conflicts, conflict, and then build a harmonized College Educational surroundings conducive to teaching and learning, teachers and students to promote harmony together. Humanistic care teacher-student relationship can fully stimulate the teachers and students of University of initiative and creativity, in lively schoolroom atmosphere effectively improve classroom teaching in upgrade of the education system, university management reform. Current research on the relationship between college teachers can provide reference and basis for the development and university management rules and regulations to improve the education policy approaches.Document analysis.After a review of a large number of domestic and foreign literature, drawing on forward studies, base on humanistic concern in the Perspective of a comprehensive analysis of this topic College student relationship, which conducted this study to provide a new perspective for the frame structure designed to provide the basis. diachronic law.Historical law by generation, development and demise of the process of persuasion about, and explore the essence of things and laws approach. Since the humane care and the evolution of teacher-student relationship is a historical process. In this paper, the relationship between teachers and humane care and weed out and a historic mining, summarized the connotation of relationship between college teachers under the Perspective of humane care, teacher-student relationship to the reality of University Development and evolution has also been more objective, historical stage of understanding, in monastic order to find the teacher-student relationship through the history of the development trajectory of clues. Thus, the history of law is the main research method of this thesis, to carry out this study and obta in the correct conclusions in stock(predicate) to developing historical basis.Based on the above analysis of the interpretation of the relationship between teachers and students and combining the second chapter in the interpretation of the connotation of humanistic care, I believe that the relationship between teachers and students and teachers in the teaching process in order to form the core of the teaching include working relationship, in the psychological relationship reflect the social interpersonal relationships within the system. Limited special relationships in education and teaching activities, teacher-student relationship is a kind of humanistic care and educational. This type of teacher-student relationship is based on humane care humanistic concern for the rational core, teachers and students emotional communication as a link, a caring teacher-student relationship as a complete person, under the overall premise of communication exchanges, is the spirit of life betwee n teachers and students meet and collide in education, the mind is a real sense of human communication is based on the harmonious development of body and mind as the highest teacher-student interaction purport secure relationship. In this paper, the university teachers and students Humane Care Perspective reflects the relationship is such a type of relationship between teachers humane care, university teachers and students in the school is the educational process, teachers and students of subjectivity inherent need for the development of life, teachers and students of emotional experience for the core to the emotional needs of both teachers and students as a link to meet access, exchange, dialogue, teachers as role models and caring side to respond, acceptance, certainly iodin of the students form the benefit of both interactive communication link . Humane Care Student Relationship attention to peoples real, emphasizing both teachers and students as their indwelling life, the p resence of the spirit of life, the value of life encounter between compatible Aioi, designed to contribute to both teachers and students of life and life resonance, promote feelings of benevolence both generation and experience, is the true meaning of life of teachers and students to enhance the value and presentation.People-oriented, is in the process of education and teaching all the work, point to the purpose of the task should be people-centered, respect for human life, dignity, rights, emphasis on human values and meaning, to enhance the quality of human life. Fundamental Characteristics of College of Humanities compassionate teacher-student relationship is the people-oriented, to respect, care for both the teachers and the dignity of life and well-being, enhance the value of life of both students and teachers.Humanistic Caring teacher-student relationship people-oriented, caring for life characteristic point is to ask teachers and students to achieve mutual respect life, id olise for life. Existence of human life, that is, the existence of a body of life, when people in their own people as well as people external the objective world of interactive activities, people are actively and positively, self-propelling contact, communication, thinking, understanding, with the changes in the objective world and tarry to transform themselves and their world other than their own. In the university teacher-student relationship, the teacher role models to establish care to respect, reverence student life, respect the subjectivity of students personality and dignity, nature and characteristics of the creation of life returned to the fire development of students, independent students and dynamically develop their potential life choice and initiative. As one of the main concern of teachers in the teaching process of education yet really achieve student-centered care for the existence and development of the life of the student body, and effectively for the sake of development of students, to get respect from the experience to care for one student teacher and awe. Of course, caring relationship, cared for one of the students have to respect the lives of teachers, teachers labor awe, respect, consideration and accept the teachers reasonable suggestions and comments, to be appropriate responses to the teachers care, certainly. Only teachers and students both the value and meaning of life to bless each other mutual respect and caring in order to achieve smooth teachers and students emotional communication and exchange.Traditional physical education teacher training is mainly used in the classic is tinted demonstration, teacher talk, students practice teaching model. Educational psychology research indicate that indigence is the most realistic, the most active factor is interest in understanding, people with interest in the state have learned all as well as often mastered quickly and firmly. The traditionalistic sports teaching mode is The dign ity, the traditional teachers and students conducting active passive absorption based, individualized and ignores the principle of individualized instruction, students only in fixed mode of thinking of PE teachers continue to learn association and training methods, student learning initiative and thinking space and suffice has been very limited. The modern information technology in teaching, theoretical knowledge of the various sports, sports technology, technical difficulties, focusing on common errors made into action sports teaching software, students watch, explain, learn, and discuss with the students, ask questions, analyze and solve problems, participate in practice, students learn to exercise autonomy and motivation in the process, improve students powerfulness to analyze and solve problems. Information technology in physical education and training so that the sports teaching content and teaching and training methods continue to improve, that is, the use of student-cente red teaching and training methods, which will help improve the overall quality of students.Physical Education and Training is the earliest construction of sports science, is the most mature one slump. Physical Education and Training in the future(a) development, according to the strategic needs of the times and development of Sports, in the direction of sustainable development to improve discipline task and content, and constantly improve their own disciplinary system, native discipline and external synthesis. But also to discipline their independence were kept, the special nature of sport throughout the discipline being. The discipline of Physical Education and Training through its own internal and external transformation will be more responsive to the development of the times, to provide strong support for Chinas sports undertakings.ConclusionTeacher-student relationship as a University College of the most basic relationships, its rich content, including knowledge of the relati onship between teachers and students whirl and accepting personality equal relationship, the relationship between emotional communication, morals and promote each other. But by its very nature, is still teacher-student relationship is a relationship between people, is a kind of care for the kernel of the collision of ideas, blending emotion, morality into each other, the pursuit of happiness in life and dignity, to enhance teachers and students both the value of life symbiosis, in total, share interaction. We have reason to believe that the relationship between teachers and students in the human care of moist, teacher-student relationship will certainly show great educational force, and ultimately help to achieve higher education adult education to become useful purpose.

The Side Effect Of Brain Drain In Globalisation Economics Essay

The array Effect Of Brain Drain In Globalisation Economics attemptIn this theme we pass on describe one of the gradient of meat personal set up of globalisation, to a greater extent particular(prenominal) the publication on the valet de chambre smashing of turning and development countries who see their best and most productive workers cede the bucolic to seek fortune and gold in the richer occidental orbit. In an frugal context Globalisation is the reduction or removal of barriers and b coifs in gild to facilitate flows of upper-case letter, in effect(p)s, services and as well labour. Globalisation is withal the integration of economies and societies practiced about the world. This paper centeres on the labour flows and more specific on the migration and flows of experienced labour. Globalisation is non well-nigh function new, mute if the technological and governmental phylogenys after realness War II stir hastened this process. We system quali ty at the flows themselves, except rather at one of the side- effectuate of migration in a globalised world the thinker run out, and, in approximately cases the wiz gain.Brain drain is pitying not bad(p) flight. Its the phenomenon where clever workers or modern potentials individuals with technical skills or knowledge transmigrate and leave their state. fleck brain drain is not something new, its effects atomic number 18 much great in a globalised world where expert workers move freely travel the world. Many countries have restricted migration policies exactly graduate(prenominal)- accomplished closely trained workers argon often more than welcome and often point encouraged to come to the western world.thither atomic number 18 many an other(prenominal) earths for this skilful migration and the reasons to migrate may differ from role to component detonate. Skilled workers living in easternern atomic number 63 migrate to the USA or the EU because thith er ar more charge opportunities, salaries be unornamentedvagantlyer and social guarantor is go. Afri discount migrants sometimes flee violence, poverty, governmental inst mogul or corruption, date thither be to a fault toweringly proficient europiuman academics working(a) in the USA, the Far East or vice versa we entrust focus on the hot migration from under- demonstrable or develop countries to the developed world.In this paper we result disturb wind a deeper look at the brain drain. The source section summarises migration data, twain technical and un masterly The next section discusses the disadvantages of adept migration from the point of view of the development and evolution countries. The subsequent section takes a look at the advantages of masterly migration, again from the point of view of the underdevelop and developing countries. beforehand jumping to the conclusion, well discuss a few advantages and disadvantages of the skilled migrants thems elves. The final section sums up the conclusion and gives some moral point of views and my opinion about this theme.Where possible, we bequeath halt a annotation betwixt several chemical aggroupings of underdevelop and developing countries east atomic number 63, Middle East and Northern Africa, sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian world and peaceful Is domains. E rattling region has a different history and e rattling region has different regional characteristics. The effects of skilled migrations or the extent of e real(prenominal) effect will be different for every region depending on the technology take aim, the political stableness, the sh atomic number 18 of skilled workers, the composition of the population, How giant is the brain drain? beforehand summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of skilled migration from the guideing countries posture we depression must(prenominal) know how oversize the brain drain re each(prenominal)y is. How many skilled workers l eave the ternary valet and migrate to the developed countries? Answering this question is not easy. Who be the lastly skilled? Should we alike count unskilled migrants who argon amend in the developed world and gum olibanumly become skilled? Do we count illegal migrants as well? We wont tackle these questions in this paper, moreover simply use the data provided by organisations like the IMF, the area Bank Group and the OECD. According to these organisations skilled migrants are migrants with at to the lowest degree tertiary cultivational attainment, wherever they completed their schooling.Table 1 shows us some regional characteristics of the different regions in 2000. It provides us for each region the proportion of skilled in the resident population (Skill), the average transportation towarfareds the OECD countries (Aemig), the skilled migration rate (Semig) and the ratio of remittances to GDP (Rem/Y). The regions are grouped as follows Eastern europium (EAS), Middle East and Northern Africa (MEN), sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and the Indian world and Pacific Islands (IND).Table 1 regional characteristics in 2000 characterSkillAemigSemigRem/YEAS12.4%6.6%11.8%1.3%MEN8.5%3.5%8.5%2.8%SSA2.8%0.8%12.9%2.6%IND4.5%0.4%5.2%1.8%Data source Luca Marchiori, I-lung Shen, Frdric Docquier (2009)We deal conclude from table 1 that Eastern Europe and the Middle East and Northern Africa have attained a reasonable aim of reading already. The situation in India is worse and alarming in Sub-Saharan Africa. In all four regions, the skilled migration rate is a lot higher than the average migration rate, hence the brain drain. Again, the situation in Sub-Saharan Africa is disturbing. Eastern Europe and to a littleer extent also the Middle East and North Africa also have a very high skilled migration rate. The skilled migration rate is lower in India, but the skilled and unskilled migration rates of bigger countries are invariably less(prenominal) impressive than tho se of smaller countries.Disadvantages of skilled migrationSupport rate diminishesWhen the active part of the population diminishes, a smaller group of people are adequate of providing economic have got to the number of older people, children and students who are materially dependant on the support of others. The burdens are carried by a shrinking group workers and the part of the population that creates an added value becomes smaller and smaller. The support rate in Western Europe and Japan for example, diminishes due to the develop of the population. Not only Western Europe and Japan are dish by the aging of the population thither are developing countries in Eastern Europe and Asia that prospect the same(p) riddles.The aging of the population isnt the only cause for a diminishing support rate. Migration batch have the same effect, especially when young or high schooled workers leave the orbit the group of active workers shrinks when some of them search a let on succeedin g(a) in other countries all over the world. When developing countries who have to cope with a growing group of retired inactive people, also lose their trained and checkd workers, they are hit twice.First of all, this means that the pressure on the government budget augments pensions impoverishment to be paid, medical costs are higher plot of land assess r flushtideues go stamp out. One of the consequences back be that countries will cut in educational programs. This put forward even amplify the brain drain not only do they lose their most productive workers, they also wont be able to educate full new young high skilled workers to replace the retired workers.This is a major problem for countries in Eastern Europe. Afri depose countries, the Middle East and India all have a very young population. The diminishing support rate doesnt really trouble them. piece Capital goes depleteThe biggest and most notable disadvantage of schooled migration smell from the perspective of th e sending countries is the downswing of world bang-up in these sending countries. homo upper-case letter is the stock of competences, knowledge and personality attributes embodied in the ability to perform labour so as to produce economic value. It is the attributes gained by a worker by means of education and experience (Sullivan, Arthur Steven M. Sheffrin (2003).). Its obvious that adult male capital of a rural area is moved(p) by the migration of the high schooled and best trained workers. The human capital of a country de boundinal figureines among others the number and fictitious character of setments a country draw outs, but has also a huge force on another(prenominal) important factor of the growth of a country the technology level of an economy.Political un enduring or unsafe countries are often set about with a large stream out of both high schooled and unschooled workers. The stream out of these unstable countries is often a lot bigger than the stream out of more stable developing countries where workers leave for economical reasons only. Countries with an unstable and violent history have as a result lost some all their skilled workers. This also means that they need to indue in the training of new skilled workers or that they have to attract foreign doctors, engineers, craftsmen, As a consequence, a huge part of the official development assistance goes to the recruitment and or training of skilled workers (doctors and other wellness care workers, skilled craftsmen for construct root word, ) who are difficult to retain once trained. This way, western countries are indirectly place their own future workers. Especially Sub-Saharan Africa has this huge problem. The first step to retain their skilled workers is off course, the much needed political and economical stability.As a result the growth of Technology slows downAs explained above, theres another important factor affected when human capital goes down technology. When discussin g the brain drain, we talk about the most skilled workers who leave. Those skilled workers are the first and most important people who use and/or develop new technologies. The talents of these workers are indispensable when a country wants to take in to higher technology level. Technology is an important factor determining the event of (foreign) endowments a country attracts. The brain drain toilet thus have an immense effect on the development of a country. When foreign investors are only interested in cheap workers or rude(a) recourses, but not in the local anaesthetic talents foreign investments often dont help to develop a country. Companies who search a country with adequate skilled workers are often willing to invest in training, but will look for countries with a get around starting position.The brain drain clearly slows down or even stops the development of developing or developing countries who are only attractive for their low wages or natural recourses. The region s principally affected are again the least developed countries Sub-Saharan Africa and unstable Asian countries. The Middle East or Eastern Europe is less affected. The recent revolution even shows that there expect to be to many high schooled young people. They dont find a job even after several years of academic schooling.The Economic inverts to investment on education in develop countries go to the developed countries.The investments in education done by underdeveloped countries and developing countries partly disappear without a trace. The investments go up in low-down when the high skilled workers, enlightened in their own country, leave their country and migrate to the developed world. As mentioned before, the same as wellshie be said about big move of the development aid send to underdeveloped countries parts of this aid are reserved for educational projects.It locoweed be at first parade be discouraging to invest in the education of academic military group when the m ost apt individuals dream of a career in the western world.As expected, the negative aspects of the brain drain are numerous and jakes be devastating in the short(p) run. The human capital of a country not only determines the number of skilled workers available for internal production, but also affects other important parameters of an economy technology and the cogency to innovate both factors determine the volume and type of incoming investments. kick in to this the diminishing support rate and the low pass aways on investment on education and the picture doesnt results dont look promising.Advantages of skilled migrationRemittances investments?More often than not, migrants send station large sums of currency to their family whom they left behind in their class country. These sums are called remittances. They are sometimes even the only or at least the most important reason for migrants to travel to a richer and better developed country in search of career opportunities a nd wealth. At first, many migrants plan to work a few years until they have acquired enough money to be able to return sand base of operations and deem their family. It makes therefore perfect sense that these migrants send stand lots of money even before returning home. According to The universe Bank, these remittances send moxie to the developing or underdeveloped countries are even 1,5 times greater than the worldwide budget spend on development aid. For the developing countries, remittances guard about 2% of their Gross national yield, for the underdeveloped countries roughly 6% and for some of the least developed countries of this world this percentages rises to almost 20% in that location are certain analysts who equate remittances with foreign investments, but opinions are split on this subject. in that location are even analysts who claim that remittances have generally negative effects on the economies in underdeveloped countries. Remittances create and hold ec onomic dependency and take away incentives to start local businesses and take the initiative to enhance living standards.While there are and then negative effects, most economists believe remittances to be a good thing for developing and underdeveloped countries. Remittances can enhance the state of health, the level of education, the attack to information and technology and can reduce the need of child labour. While they indeed can be the cause of dependency, the money send pricker home can also create opportunities to invest in the local economy and start up new businesses. One of the biggest advantages of remittances is the stability they bring. In times of hunger, crop failure, drought, an economical or political crisis remittances can make the difference for families hit by misfortune.It s important to make a critical note before jumping to the next advantage. While there are many migrants, both low and high skilled, who send back large sums of money, its the small elite gr oup of very high skilled migrants who send back the smallest amount of money if they send something to their home land at all. The skilled workers who left their country that invested in them and who can produce, potentially, the highest return on investment, are also the workers that fail to do so, not because they can t fulfil their potential, but because they seem to forget their roots, financially speaking.The incentive effect of brain drainSuccess can be contagious. The same can be said about migration. When Young people in underdeveloped countries see that their countrymen who left in search of better career opportunities, more stability and a higher living standard, they can be stimulated to study to enhance their chances of also finding a better future abroad. At first, this seems to be another disadvantages of the brain drain. Underdeveloped countries seem to be losing even more high-skilled workers. Not all these new make high skilled workers however will migrate. The lon g term bread effect will in most cases be positive for the human capital of a country.Obviously this effect can only be positive in the long term it takes time and money to invest in young people and to create a new coevals of high skilled, well trained potentials. furthermore, this wont stop the brain drain. Migrating is still the main goal of many students in Third introduction countries. The investments of underdeveloped countries are still very high when looking at the outcome, even if the net effect is positive. Investing in education remains investing in the future of both your country and the future of the countries that attract skilled workers.This effect can only play in countries with enough infrastructure and stability. A country that lacks the necessary resources to train their high potentials will never be able to benefit from this incentive. This effect therefore isnt big enough to be called an advantage in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Eastern Europe on the other hand is the number of skilled workers already relatively high. Thats why the incentive effect wont be very high in Eastern Europe. The incentive effect can be a real advantage in India and North Africa and the Middle East both regions are reasonably stable and have the infrastructure and means to educate their workers.Reduced Risk ex smorgasbord premiumIn an open economy, the Risk Premium is one of the most important factors that determines the volume of (foreign) investments in sensible capital in a country. Countries with a low riskiness premium can more easily attract foreign investments than countries with a higher risk premium. Financiers who invest in regions or countries where the return is less certain and with more uncertain circumstances will demand a higher return on investment than those who choose to invest in more stable regions. The risk premium is determined by several factors political stability in a region, economic stability of a country, and also by the available knowledge of a country or region.Migrants can t really affect the political or economical stability of their home country, but they can spread the knowledge of their country. When high skilled leave their country they can spread this knowledge in the companies and countries where they embody and work. This way, they can directly and indirectly reduce the risk premium for their country and thus attract more foreign investments. The effect is assumed to stupor every region with comparable magnitudes.Diasporas can be an important source of trade, capital, technology, and knowledge for origin countries.We have just explained that the brain drain can indirectly enhance the physical capital of a country thank to the reduce risk premium. The extra foreign investments not only raise the physical capital of a country, they can also raise the human capital and the technology of a country. The foreign investments can bring new technologies to a country.There is however another mechanism tha t can bring extra investments, technology and knowledge to a country networking or more specific diasporas. A population of a country cast around the world can still keep in contact with each other and with their home country. This way, new technologies, ideas or concepts or moral standard can reach their home country. They all can have an effect on the labour market or the human capital of a country. If the view of women changes for example, the labour market can be opened for women. If family determine change, extradite get a line can become a discussable issue.Theres also a change that a world-wide network is created when people keep in contact. This network can defend the interests of a country, can promote a region and can help to attract investments.DDI Diaspora Direct InvestmentsWhen an underdeveloped or a developing country is faced with a large stream out of skilled workers or academic personnel, the chances will grow that some of these migrants will invest in the count ry they came from. They should have a great knowledge of their home region and they normally still have lots of local contacts. When some of those migrants are successful and search a good place to invest, there s a big chance that they will choose their home country, if stable enough off course.Migration can attract foreign investments thank to the reduced risk premium (foreign investments) and thanks to successful migrants who invest in their home country (Diaspora investments). Theres however a difference between the two. unlike investments are not unceasingly seen as a factor of growth and evolution. Some scholars argue that foreign investors only exploit workers and that technological spillover effects are rare. Diaspora investments on the other hand are more plausibly to be durable investments.At first sight, the loss of skilled workers has generally a negative impact on the economies of the sending countries. When we dive deeper into the effects of the brain drain and whe n we also take a look at the long term effects, we can be more optimistic. For some countries the brain drain office even be an advantage. The economy and society of countries faced with a large stream out of skilled workers can be more open, more globalised and more advanced thanks to the technology spillovers of diaspora investments, the changed standards and values and the incentives effect of brain drain. On top, Gross Domestic Product of the underdeveloped and developing countries rises thanks to the remittances and the extra foreign investments they can attract through the reduced risk premium.What about the immigrants themselves?When looking at the advantages or disadvantages of the high schooled immigrants who head to the developed world, we mainly see advantages. That may seem obvious, there s after all often a good reason why they choose to migrate. Many unschooled migrants who reach the Western World after a long and touch journey dont end up in paradise, but often have to spend at least a few years as an illegal. For those who are finally accommodateed, a good job is often unreachable. The situation for most high-skilled migrants is of course very different. Many of them can perfectly legally and without much problems choose the country they prefer. The western world even actively recruits in many developing countries when searching scarce workers. There are for example many health care workers from the Philippines working in Europe and many IT-specialists from India work in the USA or Canada.One could even say that high schooled workers in underdeveloped countries are crazy if they do not leave their country and search a better future in the Western World where the career opportunities are better and wages are much higher. Nevertheless, there are a few critical comments to make. Even for high schooled migrants, live is not roses all the way.Brain waste high skilled immigrants accept jobs way under their level of schoolingThe training, education and experience of migrants isnt always appreciated in the western World. There are many examples of high schooled Asians, Africans or Eastern Europeans who have to accept jobs why under their level of schooling. That doesnt have to mean that their standard of living has decreased after migrating, but we readiness say that their intellectual capacities are wasted. The Western World doesnt always take full advantage of their schooling, experience and talents and they arent fulfilling their potential. A question we might ask is whether these high skilled workers would offer their talents to a country where they would be much more appreciated and where they could fulfil their potential, like their home country. They might be happier, even when working for a lower salary.ConclusionThere are both negative and positive aspects on the brain drain, on the migration of skilled workers from underdeveloped and developing countries to the developed world. The brain drain has in good order raise d many questions, especially when looking from the perspective of the sending countries. There are however scholars who claim that the brain drain has more advantages than disadvantages when looking at the picture as a whole.On the one side we see the direct impact of the brain drain countries lose their schooled workers and their human capital goes down by definition. The decline of human capital has an impact on the technology level of a country and on the investments it can attract. In addition a big part of the investments on education done by the sending countries go up in smoke the schooled workers leave the country and take their skills with them. Countries who lose their skilled workers and who face another problem, the aging of the population, are hit twice. They not only have to face all the problems mentioned above. They also have to cope with a shrinking support rate. The active part of the population who contributes to the economy and pays taxes grows smaller and smalle r while the number of pensioners who need to be supported by the government and thus by the active part of the population expands.On the other side recent studies have come to the conclusion that there are also many advantages to the brain drain, particularly when looking at the long term effects of skilled migration on the economy of the sending countries. The creation of human capital in the sending countries is stimulated by the incentive effect and the migration of workers, both skilled and unskilled creates flows of cash to the developing and underdeveloped countries. These flows of cash, the alleged(prenominal) remittances, often represent an important share in the Gross Domestic Product of the sending countries, especially in the Gross Domestic Product of the least developed countries. Furthermore, a sending country can attract additional foreign investments thanks to the brain drain. Firstly thanks to a reduced risk premium and secondly the migrants themselves can, when they are successful abroad, invest in their home country.We can for certain say that the short term effects of the loss of schooled workers on the underdeveloped and developing countries are negative. Furthermore the economical growth of countries faced with a brain drain can stagnate. Human capital is an important economical factor for growth and evolution not to be underestimated.Looking at the long term effects, the answers are less clear and ambiguous. Future investments can be higher thanks to the diaspora investments and the additional foreign investments. The remittances are often indispensable for many vestigial countries, particularly in moments of crisis famine, an economical crisis or natural disasters. Lastly, we must also mention the influence migrants can have on the technology level of underdeveloped countries, but also on standards and values. The effects of birth control on poverty cannot be underestimated.When we make a distinction between the different regions, the l east developed countries are not the ones that are affected the most by the loss of skilled workers. When we say least developed countries, we are referring to the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. This region benefits the most from the brain drain in the long run. We might even conclude that Sub-Saharan Africa will benefit from a brain gain thanks to the loss of skilled workers. Sub-Saharan Africa however will not benefit from this brain gain as long as the region isnt politically and military stable. The African countries will never attract enough investments without this much needed stability.Both the short term and the long term effects for Eastern Europe are probably negative. The level of education in this region is already too high to profit from the positive effects on the human capital of a country. Next, this region is hit by the same big problem Europe and Japan have to face the aging of the population. When a big part of the most productive part of the population leaves t he country, those who baffle will have to double their efforts.When looking at the two other regions, India and the Pacific and The Middle East and North Africa, drawing the right conclusion is less evident. Will the positive effects outweigh the negative ones or not? Both regions already have a relatively large group of schooled workers and the technology level in both regions is sufficient. The benefits for those aspects will be negligible. Both regions need to attract extra investments. Tunisia for example, has many young academic schooled workers who are familiar with the new technologies, but not enough jobs. When the high-schooled, but unoccupied young workers migrate to the Western World, the Middle East and North Africa can only benefit.My OpinionThe effects of skilled migration on the developing and underdeveloped countries, both the long term effects and the short term effects, are analysed in detail. But how to deal with the negative effects of the brain drain or how th e negative effects can be limited is almost never explained. Only the papers discussing Diaspora Direct Investments give advice on how to get more out of and attract these investments. Its difficult to give an opinion on a subject when it isnt clear how to counter the negative effects or how to get the most out of the positive effects in order to go from a brain drain to a brain gain.Before taking a position on the brain drain, it might be useful to clarify the situations of the different parties involved. Firstly, there are the underdeveloped and developing countries faced with a large stream out of schooled workers. They seem to be powerless to stop this since scholars only describe their problems, but dont propose a solution. As mentioned above, the effects of the brain drain are mainly negative. There are indeed also positive effects when looking at the long term, but its far from certain that the positive effects will outweigh the negative ones for many countries. The question remains can the underdeveloped and developing countries change their precarious situation? Can they encourage the schooled workers to stay in a country where the future is often uncertain, wages are low and career opportunities scarce? This seems impossible to be. That however doesnt mean that zilch can be done. Taking away some of the reasons to migrate will reduce the migration and its effects political and military stability, safety, less corruption, are just a few of the many reasons to flee a country and to reinforced a new life abroad. Whats more, if these problems are at least part solved the economical returns to investment on education will be higher. To conclude, there seems to be no real solution for this problem when looking at the sending countries. The only thing they can do is determination the disruption with the developed world. The magical formula to do so though, do not seem to exist.Its even more difficult to find a solution when we analyse the brain drain f rom the individual migrants perspective. It seems that the decision to migrate, when possible, is at first sight easily made. Can we goddam the high skilled workers living in an underdeveloped country to dream of a better paid job in a safer and more stable purlieu with more career opportunities? Are they impose on _or_ oppress to do so and is it wrong to leave a country that invested in them? Theres another aspect we must look at when we analyse the brain drain from the migrants perspective remittances and investments. Do these migrants have the moral duty to send back large sums of money? Do they have the moral duty to invest, when possible, in the country that educated them? Its better to leave the answer to the migrants themselves.Finally, we have the Western governments and companies who fight their war for talent. The United States of America, Europe and Japan all need new skilled workers to replace the baby-boom workers who will retire and the BRIC-countries need skilled w orkers to close the gap with the developed countries. Many countries and companies try to attract the same highly skilled talents and rely on international labour flows to fill in future gaps. The global competition doesnt give them a choice. If they dont attract enough talented workers, economic growth might slow down. In my opinion, we cant blame the developed countries for the brain drain. Every country tries to prosper. But should the Western World compensate the developing and underdeveloped countries for the brain drain? Should they make good the loss of skilled workers in

Causes of the Global Financial Crisis

Causes of the computer programetary pecuniary Crisis1. What were the main causes of the orbicular monetary crisis? What steps could the UK establish workforcet take to tame the dangers of another crisis? Discuss utilize course material AND your own research. inductionThrough world(a)ization different country get the opportunity for orbiculateistic mickle, increase the capacity of seat of presidential term flows and spread the uses of engineering science by enhancing the global frugal antecedent (IMF 1997). Over the last 30 years curiously in the mid 80s and mid 90s cross border transaction change magnitude disco biscuit times faster than before and foreign direct investiture increased three times faster than before (Economist 1997). The globalization has complicated depicted object economies which are incorpo evaluated through lot and foreign investment. It has as well haved the difference amongst manufacturing and services by using different technology a nd processing (Kobrin 1999). Gereffi says, Due to this globalization the global rescue has changed during the last ten years and so. Many development countries similarly moved up in the inter national arranging.The origination of global fiscal crisisAfter the second behindn of 2008 the US financial market collapsed and the global financial crisis started. As US is the leader for all international financial systems the crisis has extended to the other countries rapidly. The lessen localise of cash flows, decrease in asset prices and increasing rate of uncertainty in financial systems affected the whole global delivery and starts the financial crisis globally. After the great Depression in 50s this is the largest economic breakdown as described the multinational Monetary Fund in 2009 (Frenkel Rapetti 2009).The notion of the Current Global CrisisThis global saving is struck by the new-fashioned economic crisis and mainly worsens the financial condition since September 2008 . In Latin America the economic condition condensed in the second quarter in 2008. The causes of the financial crisis were foreign remittances of Latin America have reduced in 2% and the rate of international trade also reduced to 2-3% in this economic downturn. Most of the countries which parsimoniousness is dictated by the foreign trade are hampered out-of-pocket to this economic downturn. The decreasing rate of export commodity prices including the export industry commodity prices also lead to the financial crisis in recent years and results in lower GDP rate. notwithstanding the economic shock results in export revenue plunged. Also the instable exchange rate and increased yield price disintegrate the stock market (Ocampo 2009). Morgan (2009) embed reveal few susceptibility of the global financial crisis. Those are debt and leverage, intra-financial multiplication, discrepancy in global trade. This economic downturn showed up mainly later on the fall down of Lehman Brot hers in 2008.New US Treasury repository Timothy Geithner pointed out some factors in G7 conference, in order to improve the financial condition all countries should get a pledge to clear(p) trade and investment policies. He also pointed out some factors to be improved in order to get the economic growth. The factors are plaudit for recent economic moves by ChinaHelp for banks andThe contract for a speedy end to the Doha talks on world tradeThe Steps Could be Taken by the UK Government to Recover this Global pecuniary CrisisImproving the modern time global economic crisis has catch the greatest challenge for every organization. To cure the global economic crisis UK governing body should plan the necessary stepsmust re-establish the confidence, growth, and jobsThe finance institutions contain to be cheer to provide loanin order to restructure the combine financial regularisation need to be toughen.International financial institutions need to be altered and funded in orde r to recover this crisis and take precautions for future day crisis.build an complete, emerald, and sustainable recovery.The global economy can be out of recession and can be out of future crisis with above agency by performing globally.Re-establish the confidence, growth, and jobsIn order to re-establish jobs UK government should take a unique and intensive financial growth by creating jobs to the hard running(a) families by the end of this year amount to $5 trillion instal output by 4 per cent, and accelerate the transition to a ballpark economyUK government should use the full range of monetary policy, using exceptional instruments, consistent with price stability and central bank should maintain the development policies for longer time.In order to reinstate the growth of the economy UK government must reinstate the national lending and international capital flows. To overcome these situations UK government need to supply liquidity to the banking system and benefits the fina ncial institutions.UK government unavoidably to carry out well functioning international monitoring system in order to avoid competitive devaluation of UK bills by creating structured economic policies.Finance institutions need to be renovate to provide loanThe global economic crises are mainly driven through the failure of financial sector and financial regulations of every country. To recover the situation UK government should take positive steps by constructing a reliable, supervisory and dogmatic framework for the future financial sector. This framework would swear the global growth and fulfill the demand of the business and local citizens.UK government must en certainly that to maintain the global financial system the national regulatory systems need to strong enough to provide reliability and cooperation between countries. The regulatory systems will be stronger if regulators and supervisors protect consumers and investors and reduce the financial economic cycle rather than increase it.UK government should implement a plan to Strengthening the Financial System. The plan includesnew financial stability get along with (FSB) need to be formed.This FSB would provide future predictions of financial risks and also necessary steps with the help of IMF.macro-prudential risks need to be taken to organise the regulatory systemsafter the recovery reliability of capital in the banking system need to be confirmed through quality, quantity.To carry out this carrying out plant the finance minister should take the necessary step.Financial regulation need to be toughenedDue to the recession all the markets some the world are facing challenges. As the international market is depending on each other with the cross border transaction and relating to this matter the UK government should strengthen the international financial institutions to recover this situation. So this government needs to increase its resources through the global financial institutions. Resources s hould be used efficaciously to support the financial progress. The longer term consequences of the financial institutions need to be toughened to overcome this crisis.A fair and sustainable recovery need to make sureUK government should not focus to re-establish the growth of the global economy but they also should focus on the criterion which has hampered the economy of the underdevelop country. The Government should also ensure that the damage to the global economy should be minimized.UK Government should provide more resources to recover their financial condition and should create a social protection for the underdeveloped countries. As a part of the G20 UK government can do some contributions to those underdeveloped countries. They should create employment opportunities for those who are affected by this financial crisis. For both the men and women the labor market needs to be formed.Fulfill the commitmentHowever this is most important for everyone to work together and set up a plan to fulfill the commitment to recover the financial crisis and make sure this crisis will not continue further after the second quarter of this year.ConclusionAfter all the analysis it is clear that global financial crisis has created major impact on the global economy. Many developed, developing and underdeveloped countries are badly affected by this crisis. Since US market instanter motivating the other countries market so it is clear that the crisis started form on that point and spread out to the global economy. Some countries faced reduction in remittances due to this financial crisis. Many countries stock price has decreased due to the exploitation of currency exchange rate. To overcome this situation all the government should implement dependable macroeconomic policies and impose regulation on national financial systems. In developing countries the crisis is getting deteriorated in terms of relief of payments and the economic sense of balance.References1. Shiller, Ro bert J. The subprime solution how todays global financial crisis happened. Princeton. NJ Princeton University Press, 2008.2. Summer, Lawrence H. International Financial Crises Causes, Prevention, and Cures. The American Review, May, 2000, pp. 1-16.3. Blankburg, Palma. The Global Financial Crisis. Cambridge Journal of Economics, July 1, 2009, pp. 531-538.4. Crotty, James. Structural causes of the global financial crisis a critical assessment of the new financial architecture. Cambridge Journal of Economics, April 23, 2009, pp. 563-580.5. Morgan, Jamie. The limits of central bank policy economic crisis and the challenge of powerful solutions. Cambridge Journal of Economics, attest 31, 2009, pp. 581-608.6. Frankel, Roberto. A developing country view of the latest global crisis what should not be forgotten and what should be done. Cambridge Journal of Economics, March 25, 2009, pp. 685-702.7. Ocampo, Josie. A. Latin America and the global financial crisis. Cambridge Journal of Econo mics, March 13, 2009, pp. 703-724.8. Global Financial Crisis, via JSTORE, accessedFebruary/2009.9. G7 pledges to avoid protectionism, BBC News, 14 February, 2009. http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7889222.stm. accessed February 2010.10. Sing, Anup. Global Financial Crisis, Global Issues, 25 July, 2009. http//www.globalissues.org/article/768/global-financial-crisis. accessed in February 2010.

Of Mice And Men :: essays research papers

"A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont number no difference who the guy is, longs hes with you. I tell ya a guy gets too l hotshotly an he gets sick." A major theme in Steinbecks novella Of Mice and workforce is forlornness. The characters Crooks, Candy and Curleys wife each suffer from this although the severity of their privateness varied. The old swapper, Candy was victimized by isolation as a result of two main factors, one being his disability and the different being his age. For example, throughout the book we find the farmhands out bucking the barley magic spell Candy is left behind to sweep and clean the ranch. He alienated his hand after getting it caught in a piece of machinery and as a result he is constrained to stay behind. This being one of the major factors that leads to his loneliness. Further more than, Candys age adds to his feeling of uselessness. Because he thinks that he is old he puts himself in a state of mind that handicaps him more than hi s missing hand ever will. He looks down on himself as an old worthless man thats wasting away his break few years. Not only is it the way that others think of him but likewise the way he thinks of himself that forces him to find solitude. The most evident case of loneliness is Curleys wife. No matter how hard she tried she couldnt competent in. For example, when she tried numerous times to splatter to George and Lenny she was either ignored or told to leave. Because of her reputation for being a flirt none of the farmhands wanted to talk to her. It was the threat of getting in trouble with Curley that caused many workers to avoid her. In addition, because of Curleys insecure feelings he neglected her and forced her to seek forethought anyway she could, even it meant flirting. She was ignored by both the farmhands and her own economize and because of this she was being forced into loneliness, the one thing she fought so hard against. Crooks is a black man that experiences isola tion in terms of racism. For example, he is forced to live alone in the barn. Because the setting of this book takes place during the 1930s discrimination sadly still existed. The farmhands feel that since he is black he isnt worthy of living with the rest of them.

What is WAP? :: essays research papers

What is WAP?WAP stands for Wireless industry Protocol. The idea has been substantial by some of the wireless telecommunications giants such as Nokia and Ericsson. The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) uses the profits as a gateway for the transmission of the protocol. WAP has brought the internet and the sub-services that it provides reclaim into our lives as we are on the move. WAP brings us information right to the screen of our alert sh appear out. WAP offers the possibility to call specific WAP pages directly from the Internet these WAP pages can be seen in a display, but their presentation is cut down and without illustrations and charts. The possibilities of WAP are nearly endless Entertainment - sending messages - calling maneuver results, stock exchange quotations, arrivals and departures of airplanes and trains - (nearly) everything is possible. Especially in business WAP seems to be the " tip performer" as to corporate communication solutions. Trends in WAPCustomers provideing to nock use of these new possibilities need a WAP phone. This is a GSM mobile phone with incorporated modem and WAP browser. The data is transmitted with the usual transmission rate of 9.6 kBit/s. As to the consumers interest in WAP at that place are still controversies. Mobile phones put down in the UK very high sales rates during the 2nd hindquarters of 2000, however the sales rates of WAP phones were not that good. At the end of may 2000 there were general more than 150,000 WAP pages and the offer of WAP pages continues to increase with explosive maturation rates. (Forrester Research, 2000) International analysts predict that the demand for appropriate equipment will increase speedily in the coming few months. After the online boom in 1990s WAP will be the next growth industry of the twenty-first century. The conditions seem to be ideal The consumers interest in online services and e-commerce does not stop to manoeuvre an upward trend. For the ti me being there are universal some(prenominal) millions of persons using mobile phones, their number is still growing. WAP is based on GSM technology, the worldwide most used mobile phone system that has turned out to be the standard on all continents. (only in the USA there are more systems competing with GSM).Forrester Research believes in their study that in 2002 worldwide more than 100 million persons will use WAP phones. A visualize of the producer Ericsson confirms this trend, too in 2001 nearly 50% the persons using mobile phones are expected to take advantage of WAP.