Philosophy class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

philosophy class - Essay ExampleThis foundational belief is no other than the cogito, i.e. the I. But how does Descartes arrive at the cogito? On what grounds is Descartes certain that this I, which he claims to be the foundation of totally his knowledge, is invulnerable from some(prenominal) deceiver? These are the questions that I shall systematically address throughout this essay. Let me begin with Descartes vision. Descartes had a vision, a plan to establish a unified physical science wherein all sciences would form into one systematic whole. This unified science was, for Descartes, a rationalistic one. For, it ought to be based on the methods and principles of maths. Why mathematics? For mathematics is the only reliable means for arriving at genuine knowledge of reality, i.e. truth. Indeed, truth was Descartes passion. He sought to arrest this truth even if it means overthrowing all his animate beliefs. For, he realized that all his ideas were doubtful and all his beliefs are false. Of course, how can one claim to deplete knowledge if the very foundations for my knowledge are every doubtful or false? It is in this encounter that he decided to overthrow all these existing beliefs and ideas and use only reason as his sole basis for establishing a permanent truth. Herein, mathematics was Descartes solution. He will use mathematics as his model for his use of reason, in achieving absolute certainty. What is so particular about the methods of mathematics? Mathematics uses two principal mental operations suspicion and deduction. It is in this regard that Descartes goal as a philosopher is to build a system of philosophy based on intuition and deduction. For, his ultimate goal was to do a total reconstruction of human knowledge. He was determined to discern his self-evident or foundational principle, which will serve as his first principle, from which absolutely certainty can be deduced. But what are the requirements for such a foundational belief? Fi rst, it has to be clear and hard-hitting insofar that it cannot be doubted. Second, It should be absolute and independent, and should not be based on any other belief. And third, it should be something that exists. So given these said requirements, how then will Descartes establish his foundational belief? Descartes will use the method of doubt, which he terms methodological skepticism. He defines this as the use of doubt methodologically, in order to arrive at true knowledge (Lavine, 1984). So, in doubting all his beliefs and ideas, he classifies then into categories, starting with his beliefs on sentience perception. Why? Descartes says that these are by nature, deceptive, and that we cannot tell whether we are dreaming or not. Next, he doubted his beliefs in real objects. Why? For material objects and the physical world are based upon sense perception, which we have established to be deceptive. Third are his beliefs on natural sciences. Why? For it uses objects that are based on sense perception, which we have already established to be deceptive and thus untrustworthy. And fourth, Descartes surprisingly doubted his belief in mathematics. Herein, he invented a malevolent demon that conditions his mind and deceives him with his mathematical ideas. For, even if mathematics is his sole basis for clear and distinct ideas, he sometimes falls into error. One may wonder, why does he have to create a demon to doubt his belief in mathematics? Mathematics was just one of Descartes reasons for inventing this demon. For, he uses this